Efektivitas website perguruan tinggi negeri sebagai penyedia informasi bagi mahasiswa
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Keywords:
communication, websites quality, online public relation, public universities
Abstract
This study aims to describe the practice of public relations communication on the website of state universities. It explores the opinions of state university students on the website of their respective university. Evaluating websites based on student opinion is consired beneficial because the students are users who frequently access the website for administrative and academic purposes. The method used in this study was a survey with 360 respondents from four state universities in Malang. From the data findings, it can be concluded that in general, the websites of the four university have been rated effective by students based on several dimensions of website quality, such as transparency, interactivity, accessibility, useful information, web maturity, usability, openness, and positivity. However, the positivity dimension needs to be amended further because three out of four state university websites are only considered to be quite effective.
References
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Armidis. (2019). ICW: PNS jadi aktor paling banyak terjerat kasus korupsi. https://www.alinea.id/nasional/icw-pns-jadi-aktor-paling-banyak-terjerat-kasus-korupsi-b1Xbn9hGM
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Botan, C. H., & Hazleton, V. (2006). Public relations theory II. Florence: Taylor and Francis,. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351225748
Capizzo, L. (2018). Reimagining dialogue in public relations: Bakhtin and open dialogue in the public sphere. Public Relations Review, 44(4), 523–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2018.07.007
Cuillier, D., & Piotrowski, S. J. (2009). Internet information-seeking and its relation to support for access to government records. Government Information Quarterly, 26(3), 441–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2009.03.001
Cutlip, S. M., Center, A. H., & Broom, G. M. (2011). Effective public Relations. Prentice Hall.
Dantes, N. (2008). Varian analisys. Singaraja: Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha.
Deakins, E., & Dillon, S. M. (2002). E-government in New Zealand: The local authority perspective. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 15(4–5), 375–398. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513550210435728
Dougall, E., & Fox, A. (2001). New communication technologies and public relations: the findings of a national survey undertaken in December 2000. University of Southern Queensland.
Elidjen, P. A. (2017). Evaluating the Implementation of Public Information Disclosure on the Official Website of Indonesian Ministries. Procedia Computer Science, 116, 54–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.10.008
Frolova, I. I. (2014). Research of corruption in the education system. Asian Social Science, 10(20), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n20p21
Fuchs, M. (2006). Judging secrets: The role courts should play in preventing unnecessary secrecy. Administrative Law Review, 58(1), 131–176.
Fursova, V., & Simons, G. (2014). Social Problems of Modern Russian Higher Education: The Example of Corruption. International Education Studies, 7(10), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v7n10p25
Gant, D. B., Gant, J. P., & Johnson, C. L. (2002). Enhancing e-service delivery. E-Government Series, State Web Portals: Delivering and Financing e-Service.
Grunig, J. E., & Huang, Y.-H. (2000). From organization effectiveness to relationship indicators: Antecedents of relationships, public relations strategies, and relationship outcomes. In Public Relations As Relationship Management: A Relational Approach To the Study and Practice of Public Relations (pp. 23–53). New York: Routledge. http://books.google.com/books?id=tYX2EGxejn8C&pgis=1
Guillory, J., & Sundar, S. S. (2008). Can Interactivity in Corporate Websites Influence Public Perceptions of Organizations? The Annual Meeting of the International Communication Association.
Häusler, N. (2005). Planning for Community based Tourism. A complex & challenging task. Community-Based Tourism : Between Self-Determination and Market Realities: Tourism Forum International at the Reisepavillon. http://www.giz.de/Themen/de/dokumente/en-tourism-materials2005-community-based.pdf
Heath, R. L. (2014). Encyclopedia of Public Relations. In Encyclopedia of Public Relations. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452276236
Holzschlag, M. E. (2001). Freedom in structure. Web Techniques, 6(7), 26–30.
Hon, L. C., & Grunig, J. E. (1999). Guidelines for measuring relationships in public relations. Commission on Public Relations Measurement & Evaluation, November, 1–40. http://www.aco.nato.int/resources/9/Conference 2011/Guidelines_Measuring_Relationships[1].pdf
Hong, H. (2013). Government websites and social media’s influence on government-public relationships. Public Relations Review, 39(4), 346–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2013.07.007
Huizingh, E. K. R. E. (2000). The content and design of web sites: An empirical study. Information and Management, 37(3), 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7206(99)00044-0
Idris, I. K. (2018). Government social media in Indonesia: Just another information dissemination tool. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 34(4), 337–356. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2018-3404-20
Ismail, A., & Kuppusamy, K. S. (2019). Web accessibility investigation and identification of major issues of higher education websites with statistical measures: A case study of college websites. Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2019.03.011
Kelleher, T. (2007). Public relations online: Lasting concepts for changing media. In Public Relations Online: Lasting Concepts for Changing Media. Thousand Oaks and London: SAGE Publications Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452225876
Kent, M. L., & Taylor, M. (1998). Building dialogic relationships through the World Wide Web. Public Relations Review, 24(3), 321–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0363-8111(99)80143-X
Ki, E.-J. (2006). Linkages among relationship maintenance strategies, relationship quality outcomes, attitude, and behavioral intentions. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 0454(0070), 218-.
Kreuger, L. W., & Neuman, W. L. (2006). Social work research methods: Qualitative and quantitative applications. Boston and New York: Pearson & Allyn Bacon.
Kriyantono, R. (2008). Teknik Praktis Riset Komunikasi. Jakarta: Prenada Media.
Kriyantono, R. (2015). Public relations, Issue & Crisis management. Jakarta: Prenada Media.
Kriyantono, R. (2016). Public Relations Writing. Jakarta: Prenada Media.
Kriyantono, R. (2017). Teori-Teori Public Relations Perspektif Barat & Lokal: Aplikasi Penelitian & Praktik. Jakarta: Kencana.
Kriyantono, R. (2019). Pengantar Lengkap Ilmu Komunikasi: Filsafat dan Etika Ilmunya Serta Persfektif Islam. Jakarta: Prenada Media.
Kriyantono, R., Destrity, N. A., Amrullah, A. A., & Rakhmawati, F. Y. (2017). Management of public relations for supporting the anti-corruption national program in Indonesia. International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research, 15(20), 293–303.
Kriyantono, R., & McKenna, B. (2017). Developing a culturally-relevant public relations theory for Indonesia. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 33(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.17576/jkmjc-2017-3301-01
Kubicek, P. H. (2005). Next Generation FoI Between Information Management and Web 2 . 0. World, 9–16.
La Porte, T. M., Demchak, C. C., & De Jong, M. (2002). Democracy and bureaucracy in the age of the Web: Empirical findings and theoretical speculations. Administration and Society, 34(4), 411–446. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399702034004004
Lattimore dkk. (2010). Public Relations: Profesi dan Praktik. Jakart: Salemba Humamika.
Ledingham, J. A. (2003). Explicating relationship management as a general theory of public relations. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 21(1), 181–198. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532754XJPRR1502_4
Lee-Geiller, S., & Lee, T. D. (2019). Using government websites to enhance democratic E-governance: A conceptual model for evaluation. Government Information Quarterly, 36(2), 208–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2019.01.003
McAllister-Spooner, S. M., & Kent, M. L. (2009). Dialogic Public Relations and Resource Dependency: New Jersey Community Colleges as Models for Web Site Effectiveness. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 17(4), 220–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870903210113
McLuhan, M. (2001). The Gutenberg Galaxy the making of typographic man. Toronto: CNIB. https://doi.org/10.2307/3719923
Moore, F. (2005). Humas Membangun Citra Dengan Komunikasi. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya.
Moreno, A., Navarro, C., Tench, R., & Zerfass, A. (2015). Does social media usage matter? An analysis of online practices and digital media perceptions of communication practitioners in Europe. Public Relations Review, 41(2), 242–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2014.12.006
Mutz, D. C., & Flemming, G. N. (1999). How good people make bad collectives: A social-psychological perspective on public attitudes toward congress. In Congress and the Decline of Public Trust (pp. 79–99). Boulder and Colo: Westview Pres. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429501418
Olsina, L., Godoy, D., Lafuente, G. J., & Rossi, G. (1999). Specifying Quality Characteristics and Attributes for Websites Proceedings of the ICSE’99 Web Engineering Workshop. Los Angeles, USA.
Palmer, J. W. (2002). Web site usability, design, and performance metrics. Information Systems Research, 13(2), 151–167. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.13.2.151.88
Phillips, D., & Young, P. (2009). Online Public Relations: A Practical Guide to Developing an Online Strategy in the World of Social Media. London and Philadelpia: Kogan Page.
Priebe, T., Welch, A., & MacGilvray, M. (2008). The U.S. Government Printing Office’s initiatives for the Federal Depository Library Program to set the stage for the 21st century. Government Information Quarterly, 25(1), 48–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2007.09.003
Purdy, A. C., Idriss, A., Ahern, S., Lin, E., & Elfenbein, D. M. (2017). Dr Google: The readability and accuracy of patient education websites for Graves’ disease treatment. Surgery (United States), 162(5), 1148–1154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2017.07.011
Searson, E. M., & Johnson, M. A. (2010). Transparency laws and interactive public relations: An analysis of Latin American government Web sites. Public Relations Review, 36(2), 120–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2010.03.003
Smith, B. (2003). Computer mediated negotiated interaction: An expanded model. The Modern Language Journal, 87(1), 38–57.
Verčič, D., Verčič, A. T., & Sriramesh, K. (2015). Looking for digital in public relations. Public Relations Review, 41(2), 142–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2014.12.002
Vorvoreanu, M. (2006). Online organization--public relationships: An experience-centered approach. Public Relations Review, 32(4), 395–401.
Waters, R. D. (2009). Examining the role of cognitive dissonance in crisis fundraising. Public Relations Review, 35(2), 139–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2008.11.001
Welch, E. W., Hinnant, C. C., & Moon, M. J. (2005). Linking citizen satisfaction with e-government and trust in government. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 15(3), 371–391. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mui021
West, D. M. (2004). E-Government and the Transformation of Service Delivery and Citizen Attitudes. Public Administration Review, 64(1), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2004.00343.x
Wijayanti, S. (2018). 10 Ciri Dasar Generasi Millennial, Kamu Termasuk Gak Nih?
Wimmer, R. D., & Dominick, J. R. (2011). Mass media research: An introduction, International Edition. United Kingdom: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Alfonso, G. H., & de Valbuena Miguel, R. (2006). Trends in online media relations: Web-based corporate press rooms in leading international companies. Public Relations Review, 32(3), 267–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2006.05.003
Armidis. (2019). ICW: PNS jadi aktor paling banyak terjerat kasus korupsi. https://www.alinea.id/nasional/icw-pns-jadi-aktor-paling-banyak-terjerat-kasus-korupsi-b1Xbn9hGM
Azhary, S., & Kriyantono, R. (2018). Understanding of Public Relation Officer towards Transparency and Accountability of Information in Online Public Relation Implementation in Public Institutions. Journal Pekommas, 3(2), 213. https://doi.org/10.30818/jpkm.2018.2030210
Beresford, S., & Schwarz, A. (2014). Managing public relations. In S. Moss & B. Walmsley (Eds.), Entertainment Management: Towards Best Practice (pp. 60–76). Wallingford: CAB International. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv5jxpgx.10
Botan, C. H., & Hazleton, V. (2006). Public relations theory II. Florence: Taylor and Francis,. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351225748
Capizzo, L. (2018). Reimagining dialogue in public relations: Bakhtin and open dialogue in the public sphere. Public Relations Review, 44(4), 523–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2018.07.007
Cuillier, D., & Piotrowski, S. J. (2009). Internet information-seeking and its relation to support for access to government records. Government Information Quarterly, 26(3), 441–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2009.03.001
Cutlip, S. M., Center, A. H., & Broom, G. M. (2011). Effective public Relations. Prentice Hall.
Dantes, N. (2008). Varian analisys. Singaraja: Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha.
Deakins, E., & Dillon, S. M. (2002). E-government in New Zealand: The local authority perspective. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 15(4–5), 375–398. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513550210435728
Dougall, E., & Fox, A. (2001). New communication technologies and public relations: the findings of a national survey undertaken in December 2000. University of Southern Queensland.
Elidjen, P. A. (2017). Evaluating the Implementation of Public Information Disclosure on the Official Website of Indonesian Ministries. Procedia Computer Science, 116, 54–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.10.008
Frolova, I. I. (2014). Research of corruption in the education system. Asian Social Science, 10(20), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n20p21
Fuchs, M. (2006). Judging secrets: The role courts should play in preventing unnecessary secrecy. Administrative Law Review, 58(1), 131–176.
Fursova, V., & Simons, G. (2014). Social Problems of Modern Russian Higher Education: The Example of Corruption. International Education Studies, 7(10), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v7n10p25
Gant, D. B., Gant, J. P., & Johnson, C. L. (2002). Enhancing e-service delivery. E-Government Series, State Web Portals: Delivering and Financing e-Service.
Grunig, J. E., & Huang, Y.-H. (2000). From organization effectiveness to relationship indicators: Antecedents of relationships, public relations strategies, and relationship outcomes. In Public Relations As Relationship Management: A Relational Approach To the Study and Practice of Public Relations (pp. 23–53). New York: Routledge. http://books.google.com/books?id=tYX2EGxejn8C&pgis=1
Guillory, J., & Sundar, S. S. (2008). Can Interactivity in Corporate Websites Influence Public Perceptions of Organizations? The Annual Meeting of the International Communication Association.
Häusler, N. (2005). Planning for Community based Tourism. A complex & challenging task. Community-Based Tourism : Between Self-Determination and Market Realities: Tourism Forum International at the Reisepavillon. http://www.giz.de/Themen/de/dokumente/en-tourism-materials2005-community-based.pdf
Heath, R. L. (2014). Encyclopedia of Public Relations. In Encyclopedia of Public Relations. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452276236
Holzschlag, M. E. (2001). Freedom in structure. Web Techniques, 6(7), 26–30.
Hon, L. C., & Grunig, J. E. (1999). Guidelines for measuring relationships in public relations. Commission on Public Relations Measurement & Evaluation, November, 1–40. http://www.aco.nato.int/resources/9/Conference 2011/Guidelines_Measuring_Relationships[1].pdf
Hong, H. (2013). Government websites and social media’s influence on government-public relationships. Public Relations Review, 39(4), 346–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2013.07.007
Huizingh, E. K. R. E. (2000). The content and design of web sites: An empirical study. Information and Management, 37(3), 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7206(99)00044-0
Idris, I. K. (2018). Government social media in Indonesia: Just another information dissemination tool. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 34(4), 337–356. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2018-3404-20
Ismail, A., & Kuppusamy, K. S. (2019). Web accessibility investigation and identification of major issues of higher education websites with statistical measures: A case study of college websites. Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2019.03.011
Kelleher, T. (2007). Public relations online: Lasting concepts for changing media. In Public Relations Online: Lasting Concepts for Changing Media. Thousand Oaks and London: SAGE Publications Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452225876
Kent, M. L., & Taylor, M. (1998). Building dialogic relationships through the World Wide Web. Public Relations Review, 24(3), 321–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0363-8111(99)80143-X
Ki, E.-J. (2006). Linkages among relationship maintenance strategies, relationship quality outcomes, attitude, and behavioral intentions. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 0454(0070), 218-.
Kreuger, L. W., & Neuman, W. L. (2006). Social work research methods: Qualitative and quantitative applications. Boston and New York: Pearson & Allyn Bacon.
Kriyantono, R. (2008). Teknik Praktis Riset Komunikasi. Jakarta: Prenada Media.
Kriyantono, R. (2015). Public relations, Issue & Crisis management. Jakarta: Prenada Media.
Kriyantono, R. (2016). Public Relations Writing. Jakarta: Prenada Media.
Kriyantono, R. (2017). Teori-Teori Public Relations Perspektif Barat & Lokal: Aplikasi Penelitian & Praktik. Jakarta: Kencana.
Kriyantono, R. (2019). Pengantar Lengkap Ilmu Komunikasi: Filsafat dan Etika Ilmunya Serta Persfektif Islam. Jakarta: Prenada Media.
Kriyantono, R., Destrity, N. A., Amrullah, A. A., & Rakhmawati, F. Y. (2017). Management of public relations for supporting the anti-corruption national program in Indonesia. International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research, 15(20), 293–303.
Kriyantono, R., & McKenna, B. (2017). Developing a culturally-relevant public relations theory for Indonesia. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 33(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.17576/jkmjc-2017-3301-01
Kubicek, P. H. (2005). Next Generation FoI Between Information Management and Web 2 . 0. World, 9–16.
La Porte, T. M., Demchak, C. C., & De Jong, M. (2002). Democracy and bureaucracy in the age of the Web: Empirical findings and theoretical speculations. Administration and Society, 34(4), 411–446. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399702034004004
Lattimore dkk. (2010). Public Relations: Profesi dan Praktik. Jakart: Salemba Humamika.
Ledingham, J. A. (2003). Explicating relationship management as a general theory of public relations. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 21(1), 181–198. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532754XJPRR1502_4
Lee-Geiller, S., & Lee, T. D. (2019). Using government websites to enhance democratic E-governance: A conceptual model for evaluation. Government Information Quarterly, 36(2), 208–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2019.01.003
McAllister-Spooner, S. M., & Kent, M. L. (2009). Dialogic Public Relations and Resource Dependency: New Jersey Community Colleges as Models for Web Site Effectiveness. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 17(4), 220–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870903210113
McLuhan, M. (2001). The Gutenberg Galaxy the making of typographic man. Toronto: CNIB. https://doi.org/10.2307/3719923
Moore, F. (2005). Humas Membangun Citra Dengan Komunikasi. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya.
Moreno, A., Navarro, C., Tench, R., & Zerfass, A. (2015). Does social media usage matter? An analysis of online practices and digital media perceptions of communication practitioners in Europe. Public Relations Review, 41(2), 242–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2014.12.006
Mutz, D. C., & Flemming, G. N. (1999). How good people make bad collectives: A social-psychological perspective on public attitudes toward congress. In Congress and the Decline of Public Trust (pp. 79–99). Boulder and Colo: Westview Pres. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429501418
Olsina, L., Godoy, D., Lafuente, G. J., & Rossi, G. (1999). Specifying Quality Characteristics and Attributes for Websites Proceedings of the ICSE’99 Web Engineering Workshop. Los Angeles, USA.
Palmer, J. W. (2002). Web site usability, design, and performance metrics. Information Systems Research, 13(2), 151–167. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.13.2.151.88
Phillips, D., & Young, P. (2009). Online Public Relations: A Practical Guide to Developing an Online Strategy in the World of Social Media. London and Philadelpia: Kogan Page.
Priebe, T., Welch, A., & MacGilvray, M. (2008). The U.S. Government Printing Office’s initiatives for the Federal Depository Library Program to set the stage for the 21st century. Government Information Quarterly, 25(1), 48–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2007.09.003
Purdy, A. C., Idriss, A., Ahern, S., Lin, E., & Elfenbein, D. M. (2017). Dr Google: The readability and accuracy of patient education websites for Graves’ disease treatment. Surgery (United States), 162(5), 1148–1154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2017.07.011
Searson, E. M., & Johnson, M. A. (2010). Transparency laws and interactive public relations: An analysis of Latin American government Web sites. Public Relations Review, 36(2), 120–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2010.03.003
Smith, B. (2003). Computer mediated negotiated interaction: An expanded model. The Modern Language Journal, 87(1), 38–57.
Verčič, D., Verčič, A. T., & Sriramesh, K. (2015). Looking for digital in public relations. Public Relations Review, 41(2), 142–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2014.12.002
Vorvoreanu, M. (2006). Online organization--public relationships: An experience-centered approach. Public Relations Review, 32(4), 395–401.
Waters, R. D. (2009). Examining the role of cognitive dissonance in crisis fundraising. Public Relations Review, 35(2), 139–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2008.11.001
Welch, E. W., Hinnant, C. C., & Moon, M. J. (2005). Linking citizen satisfaction with e-government and trust in government. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 15(3), 371–391. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mui021
West, D. M. (2004). E-Government and the Transformation of Service Delivery and Citizen Attitudes. Public Administration Review, 64(1), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2004.00343.x
Wijayanti, S. (2018). 10 Ciri Dasar Generasi Millennial, Kamu Termasuk Gak Nih?
Wimmer, R. D., & Dominick, J. R. (2011). Mass media research: An introduction, International Edition. United Kingdom: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
