Profil Fitokimia dan Kromatografi Lapis Tipis Kulit Jeruk Nipis (Citrus aurantifolia) dalam Bentuk Ekstrak Maserasi, Rendaman, dan Perasan
Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25139/htc.v8i2.11274Keywords:
Ekstrak kulit jeruk nipis, fitokimia, maserasi, rendaman, perasan.Abstract
Produk jeruk nipis yang kaya akan berbagai senyawa fenolik dan serat makanan, membuat produk jeruk diminati oleh semua kalangan. Dampaknya adalah terdapat sejumlah besar kulit jeruk nipis yang umumnya dibuang sebagai limbah di lingkungan. Limbah lingkungan tersebut ternyata berpotensi sebagai sumber nutraceutical. Metode penelitian true-eksperimen design, Sampel kulit jeruk nipis ekstrak maserasi dengan metanol 3000 terendam selama 3 x 24 jam kemudian dievaporasi sampai terbentuk ekstrak kental. Sampel ekstrak rendaman dari simplisia kulit jeruk nipis dirajang kecil-kecil dilarutkan dalam Ethanol 96% sebanyak 2000 ml terendam sempurna selama 3 x 24 jam dipisahkan antara filtrat dan residu selanjutnya di uapkan. Sampel ekstrak perasan dari jeruk nipis dibelah menjadi dua kemudian diperas dan diambil air perasan selanjutnya diuapkan. Hasil pemeriksaan profil fitokimia dari kulit jeruk nipis, bentuk ekstrak maserasi mengandung 6 senyawa metabolik yaitu alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, steroid, tanin dan fenol, untuk ekstrak rendaman mengandung 4 senyawa metabolik yaitu alkaloid, flavonoid, steroid, fenol dan bentuk ekstrak perasan mengandung 3 senyawa metabolik yaitu alkaloid, steroid, dan fenol. Hasil Kromatografi lapis tipis menggunakan eluen n-heksan : etil asetat dengan perbandingan 3:2 pada lampu UV 366 nm, didapatkan bahwa ekstrak perasan memiliki empat bercak noda, ekstrak rendaman memiliki empat bercak noda, dan ekstrak maserasi memiliki lima bercak noda. Kesimpulannya ekstrak maserasi kulit jeruk nipis lebih banyak kandungan senyawa metabolik dan menghasilkan lebih banyak senyawa terlarut karena pelarut organik masuk ke jaringan kulit. Pemanfaatan limbah lingkungan kulit jeruk nipis diharapkan dapat sebagai terapi adjuvant yang murah, efesien dan ramah lingkungan.
References
Daftar Pustaka
[1] G. F. Swandiny, S. Nafisa, E. Gangga, and M. Fauzi, “Standardization of 70% ethanol extract and 96% lime leaves as antioxidants with DPPH and FRAP,” J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 47–52, 2021, [Online]. Available: https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2021.v10.i4.14173/standardization-of-70-ethanol-extract-and-96-lime-leaves-as-antioxidants-with-dpph-and-frap
[2] S. M. Lee et al., “Key lime (Citrus aurantifolia) inhibits the growth of triple drug resistant Helicobacter pylori,” Gut Pathog., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2018, doi: 10.1186/s13099-018-0244-y.
[3] R. S. Lemes et al., “Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from Citrus aurantifolia leaves and fruit peel against oral pathogenic bacteria,” An. Acad. Bras. Cienc., vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 1285–1292, 2018, doi: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170847.
[4] M. S. Al-Aamri, N. M. Al-Abousi, S. S. Al-Jabri, T. Alam, and S. A. Khan, “Chemical composition and in-vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Citrus aurantifolia L. leaves grown in Eastern Oman,” J. Taibah Univ. Med. Sci., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 108–112, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2017.12.002.
[5] C. Ramírez-Pelayo, J. Martínez-Quiñones, J. Gil, and D. Durango, “Coumarins from the peel of citrus grown in Colombia: composition, elicitation and antifungal activity,” Heliyon, vol. 5, no. 6, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01937.
[6] R. Sharma, S. Verma, S. Rana, and A. Rana, “Rapid screening and quantification of major organic acids in citrus fruits and their bioactivity studies,” J. Food Sci. Technol., vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 1339–1349, 2018, doi: 10.1007/s13197-018-3045-x.
[7] S. Cirmi et al., “Anticancer potential of Citrus juices and their extracts: A systematic review of both preclinical and clinical studies,” Front. Pharmacol., vol. 8, no. JUN, 2017, doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00420.
[8] N. Narang and W. Jiraungkoorskul, “Anticancer activity of key lime, Citrus aurantifolia,” Pharmacogn. Rev., vol. 10, no. 20, pp. 118–122, 2016, doi: 10.4103/0973-7847.194043.
[9] L. Lin, C. Chuang, H. Chen, and K.-M. Yang, “Lime ( Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) Essential Oils: Volatile Compounds, Antioxidant Capacity, and Hypolipidemic E ff ect,” Foods, vol. 8, no. 398, pp. 1–11, 2019.
[10] Y. Oboma, B. Sylvanus, A. Anietie M, and Z. Emmanuella, “Citrus aurantifolia (Lime) juice extract reverses poly cystic ovary in Cadmium chloride exposed sprague dawley rats,” Gen. Intern. Med. Clin. Innov., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 1–4, 2020, doi: 10.15761/gimci.1000192.
[11] W. Chaiyana and S. Okonogi, “Inhibition of cholinesterase by essential oil from food plant,” Phytomedicine, vol. 19, no. 8–9, pp. 836–839, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.03.010.
[12] O. S. Enejoh, I. O. Ogunyemi, M. S. Bala, I. S. Oruence, M. M. Suleiman, and S. F. Ambali, “The Pharma Innovation Journal 2015; 4(8): 01-06 Ethnomedical Importance of Citrus Aurantifolia (Christm) Swingle,” Pharma Innov., vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 1–6, 2015, [Online]. Available: www.thepharmajournal.com
[13] A. Souza, M. Lamidi, B. Ibrahim, R. R. R. A. Samseny, and M. B. Mounanga, “Antihypertensive effect of an aqueous extract of citrus aurantifolia ( Rutaceae ) ( Christm .) Swingle , on the arterial blood pressure of mammal,” Int. Res. Pharm. Pharmacol., vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 142–148, 2011.
[14] V. N. Kasim, M. Hatta, R. Natzir, V. Hadju, A. Febriza, and H. H. Idrus, “Effect of Lime (Citrus Aurantifolia) Peel to The EXpression of MRNA toll-like Receptors 4 in Balb/c Mice-Infected Salmonella Typhi,” J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res., vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 169–173, 2020, doi: 10.4103/japtr.japtr.
[15] V. N. Kasim et al., “Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) peel extract in Balb/c mice infected by Salmonella typhi,” J. Biol. Res. - Boll. della Soc. Ital. di Biol. Sper., vol. 0, no. 0, pp. 1–12, 2020.
[16] J. L. Amorim et al., “Anti-inflammatory properties and chemical characterization of the essential oils of four Citrus species,” PLoS One, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 1–18, 2016, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153643.
[17] Z. Pourhossein, A. A. A. Qotbi, A. Seidavi, V. Laudadio, G. Centoducati, and V. Tufarelli, “Effect of different levels of dietary sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel extract on humoral immune system responses in broiler chickens,” Anim. Sci. J., vol. 86, no. 1, pp. 105–110, 2015, doi: 10.1111/asj.12250.
[18] M. R. Loizzo et al., “Evaluation of Citrus aurantifolia peel and leaves extracts for their chemical composition, antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase activities,” J. Sci. Food Agric., vol. 92, no. 15, pp. 2960–2967, 2012, doi: 10.1002/jsfa.5708.
[19] A. F. Arafah, V. Triana, and M. Murniwati, “Uji Efektivitas Ekstrak Buah Jeruk Nipis (Citrus aurantifolia) dalam Menghambat Pertumbuhan Bakteri Enterococcus faecalis Secara In Vitro,” Andalas Dent. J., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 105–112, 2015, doi: 10.25077/adj.v3i2.109.
[20] M. I. Kazeem, H. A. Bankole, T. I. Oladokun, A. O. Bello, and M. A. Maliki, “Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle (lime) Fruit Extract Inhibits the Activities of Polyol Pathway Enzymes,” eFood, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 310–315, 2020, doi: 10.2991/efood.k.200824.001.
[21] R. Ghosh, N. Hoque, M. A. Shanta, N. Nasrin, and - Muhammad Asaduzzaman, “Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Different Fractions of Citrus aurantifolia Peel,” Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 161–168, 2020, doi: 10.3329/dujps.v19i2.50632.
[22] H. Herlina and E. Mulyani, “Perbandingan Aktivitas Antioksidan Pada Minuman Infused Water Dari Jeruk Nipis, Jeruk Lemon Dan Jeruk Kalamansi Dengan Metode Dpph,” J. Insa. Farm. Indones., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 56–65, 2022, doi: 10.36387/jifi.v5i1.921.
[23] A. Sreepian, S. Popruk, D. Nutalai, C. Phutthanu, and P. M. Sreepian, “Antibacterial Activities and Synergistic Interaction of Citrus Essential Oils and Limonene with Gentamicin against Clinically Isolated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus,” Sci. World J., vol. 2022, 2022, doi: 10.1155/2022/8418287.
[24] Y. Yan et al., “Antibacterial Activity and Mechanisms of Plant Flavonoids against Gram-Negative Bacteria Based on the Antibacterial Statistical Model,” Pharmaceuticals, vol. 17, no. 3, 2024, doi: 10.3390/ph17030292.
[25] T. P. T. Cushnie and A. J. Lamb, “Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids,” Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 343–356, 2005, doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.09.002.
[26] H. Tavallali, A. Bahmanzadegan, H. Rowshan, and V. Tavallali, “Essential Oil Composition, Antioxidant Activity, Phenolic Compounds, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents from Pomace of Citrus aurantifolia,” J. Med. Plants By-Products, vol. 10, no. Special issue, pp. 103–116, 2021, doi: 10.22092/JMPB.2020.341476.1175.
[27] S. H. Baqer, S. G. Al-Shawi, and Z. K. Al-Younis, “Quercetin, the Potential Powerful Flavonoid for Human and Food: A Review,” Front. Biosci. - Elit., vol. 16, no. 3, 2024, doi: 10.31083/j.fbe1603030.
[28] D. Aggarwal et al., “Anti-inflammatory potential of quercetin: From chemistry and mechanistic insight to nanoformulations,” Curr. Res. Pharmacol. Drug Discov., vol. 8, no. March, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.crphar.2025.100217.
[29] N. F. Shamsudin et al., “Antibacterial Effects of Flavonoids and Their Structure-Activity Relationship Study: A Comparative Interpretation,” Molecules, vol. 27, no. 4, 2022, doi: 10.3390/molecules27041149.
[30] I. Khasanah, M. Ulfah, and S. Sumantri, “Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanolik Kulit Buah Jeruk Nipis (Citrus aurantifolia) dengan Metode DPPH (1,1-difenil-2- pikrilhidrazil),” e-Publikasi Fak. Farm., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 9–17, 2014.
[1] G. F. Swandiny, S. Nafisa, E. Gangga, and M. Fauzi, “Standardization of 70% ethanol extract and 96% lime leaves as antioxidants with DPPH and FRAP,” J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 47–52, 2021, [Online]. Available: https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2021.v10.i4.14173/standardization-of-70-ethanol-extract-and-96-lime-leaves-as-antioxidants-with-dpph-and-frap
[2] S. M. Lee et al., “Key lime (Citrus aurantifolia) inhibits the growth of triple drug resistant Helicobacter pylori,” Gut Pathog., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2018, doi: 10.1186/s13099-018-0244-y.
[3] R. S. Lemes et al., “Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from Citrus aurantifolia leaves and fruit peel against oral pathogenic bacteria,” An. Acad. Bras. Cienc., vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 1285–1292, 2018, doi: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170847.
[4] M. S. Al-Aamri, N. M. Al-Abousi, S. S. Al-Jabri, T. Alam, and S. A. Khan, “Chemical composition and in-vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Citrus aurantifolia L. leaves grown in Eastern Oman,” J. Taibah Univ. Med. Sci., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 108–112, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2017.12.002.
[5] C. Ramírez-Pelayo, J. Martínez-Quiñones, J. Gil, and D. Durango, “Coumarins from the peel of citrus grown in Colombia: composition, elicitation and antifungal activity,” Heliyon, vol. 5, no. 6, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01937.
[6] R. Sharma, S. Verma, S. Rana, and A. Rana, “Rapid screening and quantification of major organic acids in citrus fruits and their bioactivity studies,” J. Food Sci. Technol., vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 1339–1349, 2018, doi: 10.1007/s13197-018-3045-x.
[7] S. Cirmi et al., “Anticancer potential of Citrus juices and their extracts: A systematic review of both preclinical and clinical studies,” Front. Pharmacol., vol. 8, no. JUN, 2017, doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00420.
[8] N. Narang and W. Jiraungkoorskul, “Anticancer activity of key lime, Citrus aurantifolia,” Pharmacogn. Rev., vol. 10, no. 20, pp. 118–122, 2016, doi: 10.4103/0973-7847.194043.
[9] L. Lin, C. Chuang, H. Chen, and K.-M. Yang, “Lime ( Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) Essential Oils: Volatile Compounds, Antioxidant Capacity, and Hypolipidemic E ff ect,” Foods, vol. 8, no. 398, pp. 1–11, 2019.
[10] Y. Oboma, B. Sylvanus, A. Anietie M, and Z. Emmanuella, “Citrus aurantifolia (Lime) juice extract reverses poly cystic ovary in Cadmium chloride exposed sprague dawley rats,” Gen. Intern. Med. Clin. Innov., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 1–4, 2020, doi: 10.15761/gimci.1000192.
[11] W. Chaiyana and S. Okonogi, “Inhibition of cholinesterase by essential oil from food plant,” Phytomedicine, vol. 19, no. 8–9, pp. 836–839, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.03.010.
[12] O. S. Enejoh, I. O. Ogunyemi, M. S. Bala, I. S. Oruence, M. M. Suleiman, and S. F. Ambali, “The Pharma Innovation Journal 2015; 4(8): 01-06 Ethnomedical Importance of Citrus Aurantifolia (Christm) Swingle,” Pharma Innov., vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 1–6, 2015, [Online]. Available: www.thepharmajournal.com
[13] A. Souza, M. Lamidi, B. Ibrahim, R. R. R. A. Samseny, and M. B. Mounanga, “Antihypertensive effect of an aqueous extract of citrus aurantifolia ( Rutaceae ) ( Christm .) Swingle , on the arterial blood pressure of mammal,” Int. Res. Pharm. Pharmacol., vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 142–148, 2011.
[14] V. N. Kasim, M. Hatta, R. Natzir, V. Hadju, A. Febriza, and H. H. Idrus, “Effect of Lime (Citrus Aurantifolia) Peel to The EXpression of MRNA toll-like Receptors 4 in Balb/c Mice-Infected Salmonella Typhi,” J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res., vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 169–173, 2020, doi: 10.4103/japtr.japtr.
[15] V. N. Kasim et al., “Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) peel extract in Balb/c mice infected by Salmonella typhi,” J. Biol. Res. - Boll. della Soc. Ital. di Biol. Sper., vol. 0, no. 0, pp. 1–12, 2020.
[16] J. L. Amorim et al., “Anti-inflammatory properties and chemical characterization of the essential oils of four Citrus species,” PLoS One, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 1–18, 2016, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153643.
[17] Z. Pourhossein, A. A. A. Qotbi, A. Seidavi, V. Laudadio, G. Centoducati, and V. Tufarelli, “Effect of different levels of dietary sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel extract on humoral immune system responses in broiler chickens,” Anim. Sci. J., vol. 86, no. 1, pp. 105–110, 2015, doi: 10.1111/asj.12250.
[18] M. R. Loizzo et al., “Evaluation of Citrus aurantifolia peel and leaves extracts for their chemical composition, antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase activities,” J. Sci. Food Agric., vol. 92, no. 15, pp. 2960–2967, 2012, doi: 10.1002/jsfa.5708.
[19] A. F. Arafah, V. Triana, and M. Murniwati, “Uji Efektivitas Ekstrak Buah Jeruk Nipis (Citrus aurantifolia) dalam Menghambat Pertumbuhan Bakteri Enterococcus faecalis Secara In Vitro,” Andalas Dent. J., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 105–112, 2015, doi: 10.25077/adj.v3i2.109.
[20] M. I. Kazeem, H. A. Bankole, T. I. Oladokun, A. O. Bello, and M. A. Maliki, “Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle (lime) Fruit Extract Inhibits the Activities of Polyol Pathway Enzymes,” eFood, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 310–315, 2020, doi: 10.2991/efood.k.200824.001.
[21] R. Ghosh, N. Hoque, M. A. Shanta, N. Nasrin, and - Muhammad Asaduzzaman, “Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Different Fractions of Citrus aurantifolia Peel,” Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 161–168, 2020, doi: 10.3329/dujps.v19i2.50632.
[22] H. Herlina and E. Mulyani, “Perbandingan Aktivitas Antioksidan Pada Minuman Infused Water Dari Jeruk Nipis, Jeruk Lemon Dan Jeruk Kalamansi Dengan Metode Dpph,” J. Insa. Farm. Indones., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 56–65, 2022, doi: 10.36387/jifi.v5i1.921.
[23] A. Sreepian, S. Popruk, D. Nutalai, C. Phutthanu, and P. M. Sreepian, “Antibacterial Activities and Synergistic Interaction of Citrus Essential Oils and Limonene with Gentamicin against Clinically Isolated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus,” Sci. World J., vol. 2022, 2022, doi: 10.1155/2022/8418287.
[24] Y. Yan et al., “Antibacterial Activity and Mechanisms of Plant Flavonoids against Gram-Negative Bacteria Based on the Antibacterial Statistical Model,” Pharmaceuticals, vol. 17, no. 3, 2024, doi: 10.3390/ph17030292.
[25] T. P. T. Cushnie and A. J. Lamb, “Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids,” Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 343–356, 2005, doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.09.002.
[26] H. Tavallali, A. Bahmanzadegan, H. Rowshan, and V. Tavallali, “Essential Oil Composition, Antioxidant Activity, Phenolic Compounds, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents from Pomace of Citrus aurantifolia,” J. Med. Plants By-Products, vol. 10, no. Special issue, pp. 103–116, 2021, doi: 10.22092/JMPB.2020.341476.1175.
[27] S. H. Baqer, S. G. Al-Shawi, and Z. K. Al-Younis, “Quercetin, the Potential Powerful Flavonoid for Human and Food: A Review,” Front. Biosci. - Elit., vol. 16, no. 3, 2024, doi: 10.31083/j.fbe1603030.
[28] D. Aggarwal et al., “Anti-inflammatory potential of quercetin: From chemistry and mechanistic insight to nanoformulations,” Curr. Res. Pharmacol. Drug Discov., vol. 8, no. March, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.crphar.2025.100217.
[29] N. F. Shamsudin et al., “Antibacterial Effects of Flavonoids and Their Structure-Activity Relationship Study: A Comparative Interpretation,” Molecules, vol. 27, no. 4, 2022, doi: 10.3390/molecules27041149.
[30] I. Khasanah, M. Ulfah, and S. Sumantri, “Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanolik Kulit Buah Jeruk Nipis (Citrus aurantifolia) dengan Metode DPPH (1,1-difenil-2- pikrilhidrazil),” e-Publikasi Fak. Farm., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 9–17, 2014.
Downloads
Published
2025-12-15
Issue
Section
Articles
