Program Kesehatan untuk Mengurangi Stunting di Negara Berkembang : Scoping Review
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Abstract
Abstrak : Stunting merupakan masalah kesehatan utama di Asia Tenggara, dengan prevalensi tertinggi di Timor Leste mencapai 47.1% pada tahun 2022. Berbagai faktor, termasuk kondisi sosial ekonomi, pola makan, dan status gizi ibu-anak, berkontribusi terhadap stunting. Meskipun upaya seperti suplementasi zat besi dan kegiatan Posyandu telah dilakukan, program-program tersebut belum sepenuhnya efektif. Sebaliknya, pendekatan terpadu seperti program Suchana di Bangladesh menunjukkan hasil yang lebih baik. Metode : Scoping review ini memetakan efektivitas program kesehatan dalam mengurangi stunting di negara berkembang. Literaturnya mencakup tahun 2013-2023, menggunakan basis data seperti PubMed, Science Direct, dan Crossref. Kerangka PRISMA-ScR membimbing proses tinjauan sistematis, menilai kualitas bukti menggunakan alat dari Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Hasil : Tujuh artikel terpilih menyoroti program penurunan stunting yang sukses di India, Guatemala, Indonesia, Malawi, dan Burundi. Program efektif termasuk layanan kesehatan dan gizi, perbaikan sosial ekonomi, tata kelola kolaboratif, dan pelatihan tenaga kesehatan garis depan. Faktor pendukung termasuk kebijakan pemerintah, kolaborasi antar lembaga, layanan kesehatan berkualitas, dan sumber daya manusia yang memadai. Namun, implementasi program yang tidak merata dan rendahnya pendidikan serta status sosial ekonomi menghambat kemajuan. Kesimpulan : Pendekatan komprehensif yang menggabungkan layanan kesehatan, peningkatan sosial ekonomi, dan kolaborasi multi-stakeholder efektif mengurangi stunting. Memperkuat kebijakan, memastikan akses yang merata terhadap layanan, dan memperbaiki kondisi sosial ekonomi sangat penting untuk penurunan stunting yang optimal.
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