The ‘green island’ imaginary: media framing of Bali’s energy policy

Authors

  • Nufian Febriani
  • Henri Subiakto
  • Irfan Wahyudi
  • Fitria Avicenna

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25139/jsk.v10i1.11380

Keywords:

Bali;, Cultural Politics;, Energy Policy;, Media Framing;, Renewable Energy Transition.

Abstract

This study examined how the mass media depict the transition to renewable energy in Bali through the cultural imagination of the ‘green island’. Using a critical case study approach, this study combines media content analysis, interviews with journalists, policymakers, and community leaders, as well as a review of energy policies implemented between 2019 and 2024. The results show that state and corporate actors strategically adopt local cultural values, such as Tri Hita Karana, to legitimise energy policies. On the other hand, forms of community resistance rooted in customary and spiritual claims gain visibility but have limited political effectiveness because they are integrated into the dominant media narrative. The results of the study show that the ‘green island’ imagination functions as a symbolic mechanism that prioritises tourism-oriented development and political legitimacy over substantial community participation in Bali's energy governance.

References

Adiprasetio, J., Larasati, A., & Rahmawan, D. (2024). Shrinking civic space: How Indonesian media frame environmental issues. Journal of Civil Society, 20(3), 249–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/17448689.2024.2305678

Ahmed, S., Ali, A., & D’Angola, A. (2024). A Review of Renewable Energy Communities: Concepts, Scope, Progress, Challenges, and Recommendations. Sustainability, 16(5), 1749. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16051749

Andersen, P. D., & Silvast, A. (2023). Experts, stakeholders, technocracy, and technoeconomic input into energy scenarios. Futures, 154, 103271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2023.103271

Astuti, N. N. S., Virginiya, P. T., Bagiastuti, N. K., & Septevany, E. (2024). The future of green tourism in Bali: Challenges and opportunities. Journal of Applied Sciences in Travel and Hospitality, 7(2), 178–195. https://doi.org/10.31940/jasth.v7i2.178-195

Azubuike, S. I., Emeseh, E., & Amakiri, D. Y. (2024). Climate change, energy transition, and the Global South: learnings from the international framework on the ozone layer. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 42(3), 255–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2024.2345012

Bafadhal, O. M., Saraswaty, E., & Handoko, A. I. (2024). Konflik dan wacana media dalam pembangunan gereja di Palembang: analisis jaringan diskursus. Jurnal Studi Komunikasi (Indonesian Journal of Communications Studies), 8(1), 217–226. https://doi.org/10.25139/jsk.v8i1.6257

Bräuchle, B. (2023). Ecological Disturbances: Negotiating indigeneity and access to land in Indonesia. In Plural Ecologies in Southeast Asia: Hierarchies, Conflicts, and Coexistence. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003368182-7

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2022). Thematic Analysis: A Practical Guide. QMiP Bulletin, 1(33). https://doi.org/10.53841/bpsqmip.2022.1.33.46

Chong, K. L. (2020). The side effects of mass tourism: the voices of Bali islanders. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 25(2), 157–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2019.1683591

Coenen, L., Hansen, T., Glasmeier, A., & Hassink, R. (2021). Regional foundations of energy transitions. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 14(2), 219–233. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsab010

Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design Choosing Among Five Approaches Fourth Edition John. In Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical (Vol. 44, Issue 8).

Darmastuti, R., Purnomo, J. T., Utami, B. S., & Yulia, H. (2019). Literasi media berbasis kearifan lokal masyarakat bali. Jurnal Studi Komunikasi), 3(3), 402. https://doi.org/10.25139/jsk.v3i3.1538

Deacon, D., Pickering, M., Golding, P., & Murdock, G. (2021). Researching communications: A practical guide to methods in media and cultural analysis (3rd ed.). Bloomsbury Academic.

Delina, L. L. (2021). Promises and pitfalls of China-Southeast Asia energy connectivity. Energy Strategy Reviews, 33, 100574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2020.100574

Diamond, E. P., Damato, N., Smythe, T., & Bidwell, D. (2024). Legitimacy through representation? Media sources and discourses of offshore wind development. Frontiers in Communication, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2024.1401172

Fathoni, H. S., Setyowati, A. B., & Prest, J. (2021). Is community renewable energy always just? Examining energy injustices and inequalities in rural Indonesia. Energy Research & Social Science, 71, 101825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101825

Fox, N. J. (2023). Green capitalism, climate change and the technological fix: A more-than-human assessment. Sociological Review, 71(5). https://doi.org/10.1177/00380261221121232

Fritz, L., Baum, C. M., Low, S., & Sovacool, B. K. (2024). Public engagement for inclusive and sustainable governance of climate interventions. Nature Communications, 15(1), 4168. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48510-y

Hase, V., Mahl, D., Schäfer, M. S., & Keller, T. R. (2021). Climate change in news media across the globe: An automated analysis of issue attention and themes in climate change coverage in 10 countries (2006–2018). Global Environmental Change, 70, 102353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102353

Heffron, R. J., & McCauley, D. (2017). The concept of energy justice across the disciplines. Energy Policy, 105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.03.018

Heffron, R. J., Merdekawati, M., Suryadi, B., & Yurnaidi, Z. (2024). Defining a ‘Just Energy Investment’ for the ASEAN Just Transition. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 22, 100367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2024.100367

Iman, V. C. A., Priyanta, M., & Muslim, D. (2023). Penyelesaian Sengketa Penolakan Proyek PLTP Bedugul Melalui Gugatan Perbuatan Melanggar Hukum Oleh Badan Dan/Atau Pejabat Pemerintahan (Onrechtmatige Overheidsdaad). Krtha bhayangkara, 17(3), 637–656.

Jenkins, K., Sovacool, B. K., & McCauley, D. (2018). Humanizing sociotechnical transitions through energy justice: An ethical framework for global transformative change. Energy Policy, 117, 66–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.02.036

Johnson, K. E., & Stake, R. E. (1996). The Art of Case Study Research. The Modern Language Journal, 80(4). https://doi.org/10.2307/329758

Kahsar, R. (2019). The psychology of socio-technical systems: Professionalism, power, and personality in the electricity sector. Energy Research & Social Science, 53, 121–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.03.008

Keintjem, R. J., Pratama, H. B., Tawakal, A., Wardana, A. P., Hamdani, M. R., Abdillah, Y. Z., & Sutopo, S. (2023). Assessment of Bedugul Geothermal Prospect Using A Numerical Reservoir Modeling. Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, 10(2), 181–200. https://doi.org/10.17014/ijog.10.2.181-200

Krippendorff, K. (2022). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. In Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071878781

Lautrup, A. (2022). Overcoming Abstraction: Affectual States in the Efforts to Decarbonize Energy Among Young Climate Activists in Stavanger, Norway. In Digitisation and Low-Carbon Energy Transitions. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16708-9_5

Pandyaswargo, A. H., Wibowo, A. D., Sunarti, S., Risnawati, & Onoda, H. (2024). A needs-based approach to sustainable energy use: case studies of four remote villages in Indonesia. Environment, Development and Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-05572-8

Prahastono, I., Paradongan, H. T., Aditya, I. A., Banjarnahor, K. M., & Sinisuka, N. I. (2023). Photovoltaic Power Plant Feasibility Study Based on Indonesia’s Renewable Energy Tariffs: A Study of Nusa Penida Solar Power Plant. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 13(5), 221–228. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.14659

Pramesti, D. S., Febriana, & Halim, D. K. (2025). The Influence of the G20 Indonesia Dinner Event on the Decision to Revisit Garuda Wisnu Kencana, Bali (pp. 1025–1054). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-3379-1_38

Prontera, A., & Rubino, A. (2024). Greening energy governance through agencification in the Global South: Drivers and implications. Regulation & Governance, 18(2), 460–478. https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12521

Rosalina, P. D., Dupre, K., Wang, Y., Putra, I. N. D., & Jin, X. (2023). Rural tourism resource management strategies: A case study of two tourism villages in Bali. Tourism Management Perspectives, 49, 101194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2023.101194

Roth, D., & Sedana, G. (2015). Reframing Tri Hita Karana : From ‘Balinese Culture’ to Politics. The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, 16(2), 157–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/14442213.2014.994674

Sareen, S., & Haarstad, H. (2018). Bridging socio-technical and justice aspects of sustainable energy transitions. Applied Energy, 228, 624–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.06.104

Schäfer, M. S., & Painter, J. (2021). Climate journalism in a changing media ecosystem: Assessing the production of climate change-related news around the world. In Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change (Vol. 12, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.675

Setyowati, A. B. (2021). Mitigating inequality with emissions? Exploring energy justice and financing transitions to low carbon energy in Indonesia. Energy Research & Social Science, 71, 101817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101817

Sovacool, B. K., & Dworkin, M. H. (2015). Energy justice: Conceptual insights and practical applications. Applied Energy, 142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.002

Swilling, M., Nygaard, I., Kruger, W., Wlokas, H., Jhetam, T., Davies, M., Jacob, M., Morris, M., Robbins, G., Funder, M., Hansen, U. E., Olsen, K. H., Davy, E., Kitzing, L., Khan, B. S., & Cronin, T. (2022). Linking the energy transition and economic development: A framework for analysis of energy transitions in the global South. Energy Research & Social Science, 90, 102567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2022.102567

Thomas, L. D. W., & Ritala, P. (2022). Ecosystem Legitimacy Emergence: A Collective Action View. Journal of Management, 48(3), 515–541. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206320986617

Trisiah, A., de Vries, G., & de Bruijn, H. (2022). Framing Geothermal Energy in Indonesia: A Media Analysis in A Country with Huge Potential. Environmental Communication, 16(7), 993–1001. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2022.2144403

White, J. (2024). Technocratic myopia: On the pitfalls of depoliticising the future. European Journal of Social Theory, 27(2), 260–278. https://doi.org/10.1177/13684310241226613

Wibisana, A. G. , & Cornelius, C. M. (2020). Climate Change Litigation in Indonesia. In J. Lin & D. A. Kysar (Eds.). In Climate Change Litigation in the Asia Pacific (pp. 234–260). Cambridge University Press.

Downloads

Published

2026-03-22

How to Cite

Febriani, N., Subiakto, H., Wahyudi, I., & Avicenna, F. (2026). The ‘green island’ imaginary: media framing of Bali’s energy policy. Jurnal Studi Komunikasi, 10(1), 015–028. https://doi.org/10.25139/jsk.v10i1.11380

Issue

Section

Articles