Hubungan penggunaan smartphone dan kinerja akademik di kalangan mahasiswa
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smartphone, academic performance, university students, gadgets, education
Abstract
This research examined the relationship between smartphone usage and academic achievement in university students. The sample of this research was 598 university students in Jakarta. Several important factors, such as self-efficacy, academic efficacy, gender, smoking habit, and romantic relationships were taken into consideration in determining the relationship. First, and independent sample t-test and ANOVA were conducted to determine if academic performance was influenced by the three predictors (sex, smoking habit, and romantic relationship). Second, hierarchical multiple regression was done to find out whether there was a significant relationship between smartphone usage and academic performance by controlling the overall predictor variables. The findings revealed that the female group exhibited better academic performance, as did the students who did not smoke and had no romantic partners. Furthermore, the multiple hierarchical regression indicated that among all predictors examined, smoking habit was the most significant moderator that influences academic performance (β = -0.22, p<0.001), followed by smartphone usage (β = 0.14, p<0.001).
References
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Betts, J. R., & Morell, D. (1999). The determinants of undergraduate Grade Point Average: The relative importance of family background, high school resources, and peer group effects. Journal of Human Resources, 34(2), 268–293. https://doi.org/10.2307/146346
Bianchi, A., & Phillips, J. G. (2005). Psychological predictors of problem mobile phone use. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 8(1), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2005.8.39
Billieux, J., Van Der Linden, M., & Rochat, L. (2008). The role of impulsivity in actual and problematic use of the mobile phone. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 22(9), 1195–1210. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1429
Bull, P., & McCormick, C. (2012). Mobile learning: Integrating text messaging into a community college pre-algebra course. International Journal on E-Learning: Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education, 11(3), 233–245.
Camara, W. J., & Echternacht, G. (2000). The SAT[R] I and High School Grades: Utility in Predicting Success in College. Research Notes. Retrieved from http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED446592%5Cnhttp://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED446592.pdf
Caprara, G. V., Vecchione, M., Alessandri, G., Gerbino, M., & Barbaranelli, C. (2011). The contribution of personality traits and self-efficacy beliefs to academic achievement: A longitudinal study. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 81(1), 78–96. https://doi.org/10.1348/2044-8279.002004
Cash, H., D. Rae, C., H. Steel, A., & Winkler, A. (2012). Internet addiction: A brief summary of research and practice. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 8(4), 292–298. https://doi.org/10.2174/157340012803520513
Chakraborty, S. (2006). Mobile phone usage patterns amongst university students: A comparative study between India and USA. 1–51. Retrieved from https://ils.unc.edu/MSpapers/3152.pdf
Chen, S. Y., & Tzeng, J. Y. (2010). College female and male heavy internet users’ profiles of practices and their academic grades and psychosocial adjustment. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13(3), 257–262. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0023
Demirci, K., Orhan, H., Demirdas, A., Akpinar, A., & Sert, H. (2014). Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the smartphone addiction scale in a younger population. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bulteni, 24(3), 226–234. https://doi.org/10.5455/bcp.20140710040824
Divan, H. A., Kheifets, L., Obel, C., & Olsen, J. (2012). Cell phone use and behavioural problems in young children. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 66(6), 524–529. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2010.115402
Frangos, C. C., Frangos, C. C., & Sotiropoulos, I. (2011). Problematic internet use among Greek university students: An ordinal logistic regression with risk factors of negative psychological beliefs, pornographic sites, and online games. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(1–2), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0306
Furman, W., & Shaffer, L. (2003). The role of romantic relationships in adolescent development. In Adolescent Romantic Relations and Sexual Behavior: Theory, Research, and Practical Implications (pp. 3–22). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410607782
Ginige, P. (2017). Internet Addiction Disorder. Child and Adolescent Mental Health. https://doi.org/10.5772/66966
Giordano, P. C., Phelps, K. D., Manning, W. D., & Longmore, M. A. (2008). Adolescent academic achievement and romantic relationships. Social Science Research, 37(1), 37–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2007.06.004
Grant, J. E., Potenza, M. N., Weinstein, A., & Gorelick, D. A. (2010, September). Introduction to behavioral addictions. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, Vol. 36, pp. 233–241. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2010.491884
Greenfield, D. N. (1999). Virtual addiction: Sometimes new technology can create new problems. Retrieved September, 28, 2005. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f268/2b40eadc2eed1ae1602795ac9c03278bb941.pdf
Griffiths, M. D. (1995). Technological addictions. Clinical Psychology Forum.
Junco, R., & Cotten, S. R. (2012). No A 4 U: The relationship between multitasking and academic performance. Computers and Education, 59(2), 505–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.12.023
Klomegah, R. Y. (2007). Predictors of academic performance of university students : An ppplication of the goal efficacy model. College Student Journal, 41(2), 407–415.
Lam, L. T., Peng, Z. W., Mai, J. C., & Jing, J. (2009). Factors associated with internet addiction among adolescents. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 12(5), 551–555. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2009.0036
LaRose, R., & Eastin, M. S. (2004). A social cognitive theory of internet uses and gratifications: Toward a new model of media attendance. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 48(3), 358–377. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4803_2
LaRose, R., Lin, C. A., & Eastin, M. S. (2003, August). Unregulated internet usage: Addiction, habit, or deficient self-regulation? Media Psychology, Vol. 5, pp. 225–253. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532785XMEP0503_01
Larose, R., Mastro, D., & Eastin, M. S. (2001). Understanding internet usage: A social-cognitive approach to uses and gratifications. Social Science Computer Review, 19(4), 395–413. https://doi.org/10.1177/089443930101900401
Lemish, D., & Cohen, A. A. (2005). On the gendered nature of mobile phone culture in Israel. Sex Roles, 52(7–8), 511–521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-3717-7
Levine, L. E., Waite, B. M., & Bowman, L. L. (2007). Electronic media use, reading, and academic distractibility in college youth. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 10(4), 560–566. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.9990
Lin, Y. H., Chang, L. R., Lee, Y. H., Tseng, H. W., Kuo, T. B. J., & Chen, S. H. (2014). Development and validation of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI). PLoS ONE, 9(6), e98312. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098312
Manning, W. D., Giordano, P. C., Longmore, M. A., & Hocevar, A. (2010). Romantic relationships and academic/career trajectories in emerging adulthood. In F. D. Fincham & M. Cui (Eds.), Romantic Relationships in Emerging Adulthood (pp. 317–334). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511761935.017
Mirawati, I., Suryana, A., Agustin, H., & Hidayat, M. (2019). Identifying the victims of workplace cyberbullying among lecturers. Jurnal Studi Komunikasi (Indonesian Journal of Communications Studies), 3(2), 151. https://doi.org/10.25139/jsk.v3i2.1535
Neemann, J., Hubbard, J., & Masten, A. S. (1995). The changing importance of romantic relationship involvement to competence from late childhood to late adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 7(4), 727–750. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400006817
Pajares, F. (1996). Self-efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Review of Educational Research, 66(4), 543–578. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543066004543
Paulsen, M. B., & Gentry, J. A. (1995). Motivation, learning strategies, and academic performance: A study of the college finance classroom. Financial Practice & Education, 5(1), 78–89. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=9508170475&site=ehost-live
Poushter, J. (2016). Smartphone Ownership and Internet Usage Continues to Climb in Emerging Economies. In Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.pewglobal.org/2016/02/22/smartphone-ownership-and-internet-usage-continues-to-climb-in-emerging-economies/
Rees, H., & Noyes, J. M. (2007). Mobile telephones, computers, and the Internet: Sex differences in adolescents’ use and attitudes. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 10(3), 482–484. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9927
Sánchez-Martínez, M., & Otero, A. (2009). Factors Associated with Cell Phone Use in Adolescents in the Community of Madrid (Spain). CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(2), 131–137. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2008.0164
Schunk, D. H., Pintrich, P. R., Meece, J. L., & Pintrich, P. R. (2008). Motivation in education : theory, research, and applications. 433.
Shaw, M., & Black, D. W. (2008). Internet addiction: Definition, assessment, epidemiology and clinical management. CNS Drugs, Vol. 22, pp. 353–365. https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200822050-00001
Staffer, H. J. (1996). Understanding the means and objects of addiction: Technology, the internet, and gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 12(4), 461–469. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01539189
Tao, Y. H., & Yeh, C. R. (2013). Transforming the personal response system to a cloud voting service. In S. Uesugi (Ed.), IT Enabled Services (Vol. 9783709114, pp. 139–156). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1425-4_9
Thoonen, E. E. J., Sleegers, P. J. C., Peetsma, T. T. D., & Oort, F. J. (2011). Educational studies. In Educational studies (Vol. 37). Routledge.
Ting, S. M. R., & Robinson, T. L. (1998). First-Year academic success: A prediction combining cognitive and psychosocial variables for Caucasian and African American students. Journal of College Student Development, 39(6), 599–610.
Tsitsika, A., Critselis, E., Kormas, G., Konstantoulaki, E., Constantopoulos, A., & Kafetzis, D. (2009). Adolescent pornographic internet site use: A multivariate regression analysis of the predictive factors of use and psychosocial implications. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 12(5), 545–550. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2008.0346
Van Deursen, A. J. A. M., Bolle, C. L., Hegner, S. M., & Kommers, P. A. M. (2015). Modeling habitual and addictive smartphone behavior: The role of smartphone usage types, emotional intelligence, social stress, self-regulation, age, and gender. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 411–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.039
Walpole, M. B. (2003). Socioeconomic Status and College: How SES Affects College Experiences and Outcomes. Review of Higher Education, Vol. 27, pp. 45–73. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2003.0044
Walsh, S. P., White, K. M., Cox, S., & Young, R. M. D. (2011). Keeping in constant touch: The predictors of young Australians’ mobile phone involvement. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(1), 333–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.08.011
Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2005, October). Exposure to Internet pornography among children and adolescents: A national survey. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Vol. 8, pp. 473–486. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2005.8.473
Young, K.S. (1999). Internet addiction: Symptoms, evaluation and treatment. Innovation in Clinical Practice, 17, 1–13.
Young, Kimberly S. (1998). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 1(3), 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1998.1.237
Young, Kimberly S. (2007). Cognitive behavior therapy with internet addicts: Treatment outcomes and implications. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 10(5), 671–679. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.9971
Zimmerman, B. J., Bandura, A., & Martinez-Pons, M. (1992). Self-Motivation for academic attainment: The role of self-efficacy beliefs and personal goal setting. American Educational Research Journal, 29(3), 663–676. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312029003663
Zimmerman, B. J., & Labuhn, A. S. (2011). Self-regulation of learning: Process approaches to personal development. In APA educational psychology handbook, Vol 1: Theories, constructs, and critical issues. (pp. 399–425). https://doi.org/10.1037/13273-014
Zulkefly, S. N., & Baharudin, R. (2009). Mobile phone use amongst students in a university in Malaysia: Its correlates and relationship to psychological health. European Journal of Scientific Research, 37(2), 206–218.
Aljomaa, S. S., Mohammad, M. F., Albursan, I. S., Bakhiet, S. F., & Abduljabbar, A. S. (2016). Smartphone addiction among university students in the light of some variables. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.041
Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 2, pp. 21–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-839X.00024
Betts, J. R., & Morell, D. (1999). The determinants of undergraduate Grade Point Average: The relative importance of family background, high school resources, and peer group effects. Journal of Human Resources, 34(2), 268–293. https://doi.org/10.2307/146346
Bianchi, A., & Phillips, J. G. (2005). Psychological predictors of problem mobile phone use. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 8(1), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2005.8.39
Billieux, J., Van Der Linden, M., & Rochat, L. (2008). The role of impulsivity in actual and problematic use of the mobile phone. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 22(9), 1195–1210. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1429
Bull, P., & McCormick, C. (2012). Mobile learning: Integrating text messaging into a community college pre-algebra course. International Journal on E-Learning: Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education, 11(3), 233–245.
Camara, W. J., & Echternacht, G. (2000). The SAT[R] I and High School Grades: Utility in Predicting Success in College. Research Notes. Retrieved from http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED446592%5Cnhttp://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED446592.pdf
Caprara, G. V., Vecchione, M., Alessandri, G., Gerbino, M., & Barbaranelli, C. (2011). The contribution of personality traits and self-efficacy beliefs to academic achievement: A longitudinal study. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 81(1), 78–96. https://doi.org/10.1348/2044-8279.002004
Cash, H., D. Rae, C., H. Steel, A., & Winkler, A. (2012). Internet addiction: A brief summary of research and practice. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 8(4), 292–298. https://doi.org/10.2174/157340012803520513
Chakraborty, S. (2006). Mobile phone usage patterns amongst university students: A comparative study between India and USA. 1–51. Retrieved from https://ils.unc.edu/MSpapers/3152.pdf
Chen, S. Y., & Tzeng, J. Y. (2010). College female and male heavy internet users’ profiles of practices and their academic grades and psychosocial adjustment. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13(3), 257–262. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0023
Demirci, K., Orhan, H., Demirdas, A., Akpinar, A., & Sert, H. (2014). Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the smartphone addiction scale in a younger population. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bulteni, 24(3), 226–234. https://doi.org/10.5455/bcp.20140710040824
Divan, H. A., Kheifets, L., Obel, C., & Olsen, J. (2012). Cell phone use and behavioural problems in young children. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 66(6), 524–529. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2010.115402
Frangos, C. C., Frangos, C. C., & Sotiropoulos, I. (2011). Problematic internet use among Greek university students: An ordinal logistic regression with risk factors of negative psychological beliefs, pornographic sites, and online games. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(1–2), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0306
Furman, W., & Shaffer, L. (2003). The role of romantic relationships in adolescent development. In Adolescent Romantic Relations and Sexual Behavior: Theory, Research, and Practical Implications (pp. 3–22). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410607782
Ginige, P. (2017). Internet Addiction Disorder. Child and Adolescent Mental Health. https://doi.org/10.5772/66966
Giordano, P. C., Phelps, K. D., Manning, W. D., & Longmore, M. A. (2008). Adolescent academic achievement and romantic relationships. Social Science Research, 37(1), 37–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2007.06.004
Grant, J. E., Potenza, M. N., Weinstein, A., & Gorelick, D. A. (2010, September). Introduction to behavioral addictions. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, Vol. 36, pp. 233–241. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2010.491884
Greenfield, D. N. (1999). Virtual addiction: Sometimes new technology can create new problems. Retrieved September, 28, 2005. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f268/2b40eadc2eed1ae1602795ac9c03278bb941.pdf
Griffiths, M. D. (1995). Technological addictions. Clinical Psychology Forum.
Junco, R., & Cotten, S. R. (2012). No A 4 U: The relationship between multitasking and academic performance. Computers and Education, 59(2), 505–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.12.023
Klomegah, R. Y. (2007). Predictors of academic performance of university students : An ppplication of the goal efficacy model. College Student Journal, 41(2), 407–415.
Lam, L. T., Peng, Z. W., Mai, J. C., & Jing, J. (2009). Factors associated with internet addiction among adolescents. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 12(5), 551–555. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2009.0036
LaRose, R., & Eastin, M. S. (2004). A social cognitive theory of internet uses and gratifications: Toward a new model of media attendance. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 48(3), 358–377. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4803_2
LaRose, R., Lin, C. A., & Eastin, M. S. (2003, August). Unregulated internet usage: Addiction, habit, or deficient self-regulation? Media Psychology, Vol. 5, pp. 225–253. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532785XMEP0503_01
Larose, R., Mastro, D., & Eastin, M. S. (2001). Understanding internet usage: A social-cognitive approach to uses and gratifications. Social Science Computer Review, 19(4), 395–413. https://doi.org/10.1177/089443930101900401
Lemish, D., & Cohen, A. A. (2005). On the gendered nature of mobile phone culture in Israel. Sex Roles, 52(7–8), 511–521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-3717-7
Levine, L. E., Waite, B. M., & Bowman, L. L. (2007). Electronic media use, reading, and academic distractibility in college youth. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 10(4), 560–566. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.9990
Lin, Y. H., Chang, L. R., Lee, Y. H., Tseng, H. W., Kuo, T. B. J., & Chen, S. H. (2014). Development and validation of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI). PLoS ONE, 9(6), e98312. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098312
Manning, W. D., Giordano, P. C., Longmore, M. A., & Hocevar, A. (2010). Romantic relationships and academic/career trajectories in emerging adulthood. In F. D. Fincham & M. Cui (Eds.), Romantic Relationships in Emerging Adulthood (pp. 317–334). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511761935.017
Mirawati, I., Suryana, A., Agustin, H., & Hidayat, M. (2019). Identifying the victims of workplace cyberbullying among lecturers. Jurnal Studi Komunikasi (Indonesian Journal of Communications Studies), 3(2), 151. https://doi.org/10.25139/jsk.v3i2.1535
Neemann, J., Hubbard, J., & Masten, A. S. (1995). The changing importance of romantic relationship involvement to competence from late childhood to late adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 7(4), 727–750. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400006817
Pajares, F. (1996). Self-efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Review of Educational Research, 66(4), 543–578. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543066004543
Paulsen, M. B., & Gentry, J. A. (1995). Motivation, learning strategies, and academic performance: A study of the college finance classroom. Financial Practice & Education, 5(1), 78–89. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=9508170475&site=ehost-live
Poushter, J. (2016). Smartphone Ownership and Internet Usage Continues to Climb in Emerging Economies. In Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.pewglobal.org/2016/02/22/smartphone-ownership-and-internet-usage-continues-to-climb-in-emerging-economies/
Rees, H., & Noyes, J. M. (2007). Mobile telephones, computers, and the Internet: Sex differences in adolescents’ use and attitudes. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 10(3), 482–484. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9927
Sánchez-Martínez, M., & Otero, A. (2009). Factors Associated with Cell Phone Use in Adolescents in the Community of Madrid (Spain). CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(2), 131–137. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2008.0164
Schunk, D. H., Pintrich, P. R., Meece, J. L., & Pintrich, P. R. (2008). Motivation in education : theory, research, and applications. 433.
Shaw, M., & Black, D. W. (2008). Internet addiction: Definition, assessment, epidemiology and clinical management. CNS Drugs, Vol. 22, pp. 353–365. https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200822050-00001
Staffer, H. J. (1996). Understanding the means and objects of addiction: Technology, the internet, and gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 12(4), 461–469. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01539189
Tao, Y. H., & Yeh, C. R. (2013). Transforming the personal response system to a cloud voting service. In S. Uesugi (Ed.), IT Enabled Services (Vol. 9783709114, pp. 139–156). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1425-4_9
Thoonen, E. E. J., Sleegers, P. J. C., Peetsma, T. T. D., & Oort, F. J. (2011). Educational studies. In Educational studies (Vol. 37). Routledge.
Ting, S. M. R., & Robinson, T. L. (1998). First-Year academic success: A prediction combining cognitive and psychosocial variables for Caucasian and African American students. Journal of College Student Development, 39(6), 599–610.
Tsitsika, A., Critselis, E., Kormas, G., Konstantoulaki, E., Constantopoulos, A., & Kafetzis, D. (2009). Adolescent pornographic internet site use: A multivariate regression analysis of the predictive factors of use and psychosocial implications. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 12(5), 545–550. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2008.0346
Van Deursen, A. J. A. M., Bolle, C. L., Hegner, S. M., & Kommers, P. A. M. (2015). Modeling habitual and addictive smartphone behavior: The role of smartphone usage types, emotional intelligence, social stress, self-regulation, age, and gender. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 411–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.039
Walpole, M. B. (2003). Socioeconomic Status and College: How SES Affects College Experiences and Outcomes. Review of Higher Education, Vol. 27, pp. 45–73. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2003.0044
Walsh, S. P., White, K. M., Cox, S., & Young, R. M. D. (2011). Keeping in constant touch: The predictors of young Australians’ mobile phone involvement. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(1), 333–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.08.011
Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2005, October). Exposure to Internet pornography among children and adolescents: A national survey. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Vol. 8, pp. 473–486. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2005.8.473
Young, K.S. (1999). Internet addiction: Symptoms, evaluation and treatment. Innovation in Clinical Practice, 17, 1–13.
Young, Kimberly S. (1998). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 1(3), 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1998.1.237
Young, Kimberly S. (2007). Cognitive behavior therapy with internet addicts: Treatment outcomes and implications. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 10(5), 671–679. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.9971
Zimmerman, B. J., Bandura, A., & Martinez-Pons, M. (1992). Self-Motivation for academic attainment: The role of self-efficacy beliefs and personal goal setting. American Educational Research Journal, 29(3), 663–676. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312029003663
Zimmerman, B. J., & Labuhn, A. S. (2011). Self-regulation of learning: Process approaches to personal development. In APA educational psychology handbook, Vol 1: Theories, constructs, and critical issues. (pp. 399–425). https://doi.org/10.1037/13273-014
Zulkefly, S. N., & Baharudin, R. (2009). Mobile phone use amongst students in a university in Malaysia: Its correlates and relationship to psychological health. European Journal of Scientific Research, 37(2), 206–218.
Published
2020-03-05
How to Cite
Morissan. (2020). Hubungan penggunaan smartphone dan kinerja akademik di kalangan mahasiswa. Jurnal Studi Komunikasi, 4(1), 158-181. https://doi.org/10.25139/jsk.v4i1.1800
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