HIV/AIDS narratives: representing Indonesian women in the online information landscape


Abstract
HIV/AIDS cases among women make up more than 30 percent of national incidence every year in Indonesia. Women are disproportionately susceptible due to gender inequality. Access to online information can improve awareness and equip women to identify their risks as a basis to seek medical testing or for those living with the virus to access support and treatment. This study aims to understand the online information landscape about HIV/AIDS in relation to women in Indonesia. Using thematic analysis across 149 online articles, we found the following themes: prevalence (39), symptoms (37), vulnerability (31), awareness programs (20), information about antiretroviral drugs (12) and HIV testing (10), which illustrates a comprehensive coverage of key aspects related to HIV/AIDS among women in Indonesia within online discourse. They highlight a significant focus on epidemiological data, symptomatology, and the specific vulnerabilities women face in contracting and managing HIV/AIDS and efforts to educate the public and promote prevention strategies. Future research should explore how these themes interact with each other and how they influence public perception and healthcare-seeking behaviour among women affected by HIV/AIDS in Indonesia.
References
Agustin, S. (2022). Key Symptoms of HIV that women should not ignore. Alodokter. https://www.alodokter.com/gejala-hiv-pada-wanita-yang-umum-ditemui
Association of Indonesia’s Internet Users (APJII). (2023, March). The APJII Survey: Internet Users in Indonesia Reach 215 Million People. Https://Apjii.or.Id/Berita/d/Survei-Apjii-Pengguna-Internet-Di-Indonesia-Tembus-215-Juta-Orang.
Bartz, D., Chitnis, T., Kaiser, U. B., Rich-Edwards, J. W., Rexrode, K. M., Pennell, P. B., Goldstein, J. M., O’Neal, M. A., LeBoff, M., Behn, M., Seely, E. W., Joffe, H., & Manson, J. E. (2020). Clinical Advances in Sex- and Gender-Informed Medicine to Improve the Health of All. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180(4), 574. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.7194
Bazrafshani, A., Panahi, S., Sharifi, H., & Merghati-Khoei, E. (2022). The role of online social networks in improving health literacy and medication adherence among people living with HIV/AIDS in Iran: Development of a conceptual model. PLOS ONE, 17(6), e0261304. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261304
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2023). Toward good practice in thematic analysis: Avoiding common problems and be(com)ing a knowing researcher. International Journal of Transgender Health, 24(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2022.2129597
Britto, C., Mehta, K., Thomas, R., & Shet, A. (2016). Prevalence and Correlates of HIV Disclosure Among Children and Adolescents in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 37(6), 496–505. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000303
Bujnowska-Fedak, M. M., & Węgierek, P. (2020). The Impact of Online Health Information on Patient Health Behaviours and Making Decisions Concerning Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3), 880. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030880
Choi, W. (2020). Older adultsʼ credibility assessment of online health information: An exploratory study using an extended typology of web credibility. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 71(11), 1295–1307. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24341
Darien, K., Lee, S., Knowles, K., Wood, S., Langer, M. D., Lazar, N., & Dowshen, N. (2023). Health Information From Web Search Engines and Virtual Assistants About Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention in Adolescents and Young Adults: Content Analysis. JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting, 6, e41806. https://doi.org/10.2196/41806
Efendi, F., Rafi Pratama, E., Hadisuyatmana, S., Indarwati, R., Lindayani, L., & Bushy, A. (2020). HIV-related knowledge level among Indonesian women between 15 years and 49 years of age. African Health Sciences, 20(1), 83–90. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v20i1.13
Estacio, E. V., Whittle, R., & Protheroe, J. (2019). The digital divide: Examining socio-demographic factors associated with health literacy, access and use of internet to seek health information. Journal of Health Psychology, 24(12), 1668–1675. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105317695429
Fauk, N. K., Gesesew, H. A., Mwanri, L., Hawke, K., & Ward, P. R. (2022). HIV-related challenges and women’s self-response: A qualitative study with women living with HIV in Indonesia. PLOS ONE, 17(10), e0275390. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275390
Feldstern, N. (2022). Assessing Anonymity: Privacy in Online Mental Healthcare and Support Groups. Tulane Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property, 24(1). https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/tuljtip24&div=4&id=&page=
Gerke, D. R., Step, M. M., Rünger, D., Fletcher, J. B., Brooks, R. A., Davis, N., Kisler, K. A., & Reback, C. J. (2020). Associations Between Social Support and Social Media Use Among Young Adult Cisgender MSM and Transgender Women Living With HIV. Health Promotion Practice, 21(5), 705–715. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839920936248
Ghabrial, M. A., Classen, C. C., & Maggi, J. D. (2020). “I’ve found my voice. I’ve found a sisterhood”: Qualitative evaluation of a web-based support group for women with HIV. Journal of HIV/AIDS & Social Services, 19(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/15381501.2019.1684413
Ghahramani, F., & Wang, J. (2020). Impact of Smartphones on Quality of Life: A Health Information Behavior Perspective. Information Systems Frontiers, 22(6), 1275–1290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-019-09931-z
Hamidi, A. (2022). HIV prevention - Challenges in reaching Libyan women: A narrative review. Women’s Health (London, England), 18, 17455057221080832. https://doi.org/10.1177/17455057221080832
Jia, X., Pang, Y., & Liu, L. S. (2021). Online Health Information Seeking Behavior: A Systematic Review. Healthcare, 9(12), 1740. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9121740
Kudrati, S. Z., Hayashi, K., & Taggart, T. (2021). Social Media & PrEP: A Systematic Review of Social Media Campaigns to Increase PrEP Awareness & Uptake Among Young Black and Latinx MSM and Women. AIDS and Behavior, 25(12), 4225–4234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03287-9
Lin, C., Nguyen, D. B., Nguyen, L., Nguyen, T. T., Li, L., & Minh Giang, L. (2024). Navigating cultural and gender aspects of stigma among women living with HIV in Vietnam. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2024.2318428
Liu, W. (2024). The cognitive basis of thematic analysis. International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 47(3), 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743727X.2023.2274337
Lwoga, E. T. (2019). Online and offline information seeking behaviours of people living with HIV in a clinic-based setting. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication, 68(6/7), 517–533. https://doi.org/10.1108/GKMC-03-2019-0031
Ministry of Health. (2016). Pocketbook Guidelines for HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Disease. Https://Repository.Kemkes.Go.Id/Book/373. https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/373
Ministry of Health. (2022a). Executive Report on the Progress of HIV AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) Quarter I of 2022. https://siha.kemkes.go.id/portal/files_upload/Laporan_ TW_1_2022.pdf
Ministry of Health. (2022b). Yearly Report: HIV AIDS 2022. http://p2p.kemkes.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/FINAL_6072023_Layout_HIVAIDS-1.pdf
Naeem, M., Ozuem, W., Howell, K., & Ranfagni, S. (2023). A Step-by-Step Process of Thematic Analysis to Develop a Conceptual Model in Qualitative Research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231205789
Najmah, Andajani, S., & Davies, S. G. (2020). Perceptions of and barriers to HIV testing of women in Indonesia. Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 28(2), 1848003. https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2020.1848003
Nangsangna, R. D., & da-Costa Vroom, F. (2019). Factors influencing online health information seeking behaviour among patients in Kwahu West Municipal, Nkawkaw, Ghana. Online Journal of Public Health Informatics, 11(2), e13. https://doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v11i2.10141
National Commission for Violence Against Women. (2019). Cycle of Gender Based Violence and Vulnerability of the Right of Life”. National Commission for Violence Against Women. Https://Komnasperempuan.Go.Id/Download-File/422.
National Commission for Violence Against Women. (2023). Press Release on Commemoration of World AIDS Day 2023: Eradicating stigma and discrimination against people living with HIV and AIDS. Https://Komnasperempuan.Go.Id/Siaran-Pers-Detail/Siaran-Pers-Komnas-Perempuan-Tentang-Peringatan-Hari-Aids-Sedunia-2023.
Noviana, M., Shaluhiyah, Z., & Husodo, T. (2020). Sexual transmitted infections in social media: youtube video content analysis. International Journal of Health, Education and Social (IJHES). https://www.ijhes.com/index.php/ijhes/article/view/115
Peng, Y., Yin, P., Deng, Z., & Wang, R. (2019). Patient–Physician Interaction and Trust in Online Health Community: The Role of Perceived Usefulness of Health Information and Services. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 139. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010139
Rahmalia, A., Pohan, M. N., Wisaksana, R., Laga, M., & Peeters Grietens, K. (2021). “No good man will ever want me”. How structural social inequality increases women’s vulnerability to HIV transmission: a qualitative study from Bandung, Indonesia. AIDS Care, 33(8), 1016–1023. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1801980
Ramadaniati, H. U., Andayani, N., Saputra, A., & Pratita, R. N. (2024). Analysis of online health information seeking among HIV patients in Indonesia. Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education and Research, 14(1), 56–62. https://doi.org/10.51847/qHdLp3AkJz
Reback, C. J., & Rünger, D. (2020). Technology use to facilitate health care among young adult transgender women living with HIV. AIDS Care, 32(6), 785–792. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1653439
Santosa. (2015). Reasons why women are more vulnerable to contract HIV. Antara News. https://www.antaranews.com/berita/511519/alasan-perempuan-lebih-rentan-tertular-hiv
Sara, D. (2023). Navigating digital: A community engagement study of young adults, mobile phones and sexual and reproductive health in Bangladesh and Colombia. https://doi.org/DOI:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3320599/v1
van der Wal, R., Cockcroft, A., Kobo, M., Kgakole, L., Marokaone, N., Johri, M., Vedel, I., & Andersson, N. (2024). HIV-sensitive social protection for unemployed and out-of-school young women in Botswana: An exploratory study of barriers and solutions. PLOS ONE, 19(1), e0293824. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293824
Veronese, V., Ryan, K. E., Hughes, C., Lim, M. S., Pedrana, A., & Stoové, M. (2020). Using Digital Communication Technology to Increase HIV Testing Among Men Who Have Sex With Men and Transgender Women: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(7), e14230. https://doi.org/10.2196/14230
Virdausi, F. D., Efendi, F., Kusumaningrum, T., Adnani, Q. E. S., McKenna, L., Ramadhan, K., & Susanti, I. A. (2022). Socio-Economic and Demographic Factors Associated with Knowledge and Attitude of HIV/AIDS among Women Aged 15–49 Years Old in Indonesia. Healthcare, 10(8), 1545. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10081545
Wardhani, A. C., Haryanto, S., Fahmi, T., & Saud, M. (2023). HIV/AIDS-related knowledge among Indonesian women: the role of media exposure and socio-demographic factors. HIV & AIDS Review, 22(1), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2023.124548
West, G. (2021). Health Communication, HIV/AIDS, and Black Women. Journal of Healthcare, Science and the Humanities, 11(1), 251–258. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36818201
Wisudawati, S. N., Shaluhiyah, Z., & Jati, S. P. (2021). The characteristics of youtube content related to the prevention of hiv/aids transmission (Analysis Content YouTube in The Prevention Risk of HIV/AIDS Spreading in Indonesia During The Covid 19 Pandemic). International Journal of Health, Education and Social (IJHES), 4(4).
World Bank. (2022). Individuals using the Internet (% of population) – Indonesia. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS?end=2022&locations=ID&start=2022
Yayasan Spiritia. (2014a). Pregnancy and HIV. https://spiritia.or.id/informasi/detail/94
Yayasan Spiritia. (2014b). Women and HIV. https://spiritia.or.id/informasi/detail/122
Zarocostas, J. (2020). How to fight an infodemic. Lancet (London, England), 395(10225), 676. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30461-X
Copyright (c) 2024 Jurnal Studi Komunikasi

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Jurnal Studi Komunikasi is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The authors agree to the terms of this Copyright Notice, which will apply to this submission if and when it is published by this journal (comments to the editor can be added below).