Leveraging Self-Organizing Maps for Effective Image Restoration


Abstract
Computer vision relies critically on image restoration techniques to recreate clear images from damaged observations. Traditional methods face challenges when attempting to balance removing image noise and protecting image details. A novel framework that employs Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) establishes a practical approach to restoring images will be investigated in this paper. Our restoration approach starts with image pre-processing, which feeds trained SOM features into a deep neural network to optimize outcome quality. This research evaluates our approach on benchmark datasets, achieving quantitative results: Our SOM-based method produces restoration outcomes with an average Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) performance of 32.10 dB and Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) values of 0.894 that exceed state-of-the-art GAN-based restoration (31.75 dB, 0.890). According to this research, UTH can restore images by achieving enhanced clarity with preserved details. The successful merger between SOMs and deep learning architectures is our study's distinctive feature while creating opportunities for additional image processing applications.
References
J. Malik, S. Kiranyaz, and M. Gabbouj, "Self-organized operational neural networks for severe image restoration problems," Neural Networks, vol. 135, pp. 201–211, 2021.
A. Asghar, "A New Paradigm for Proactive Self-Healing in Future Self-Organizing Mobile Cellular Networks," 2019.
L.-C. Chang, W.-H. Wang, and F.-J. Chang, "Explore training self-organizing map methods for clustering high-dimensional flood inundation maps," J Hydrol (Amst), vol. 595, p. 125655, 2021.
N. Li, K. Jiang, Z. Ma, X. Wei, X. Hong, and Y. Gong, "Anomaly detection via self-organizing map," in 2021 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), IEEE, 2021, pp. 974–978.
C. He et al., "A self-organizing map approach for constrained multi-objective optimization problems," Complex & Intelligent Systems, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 5355–5375, 2022.
P. Singh, M. Diwakar, S. Singh, S. Kumar, A. Tripathi, and A. Shankar, "A homomorphic non-subsampled contourlet transform based ultrasound image despeckling by novel thresholding function and self-organizing map," Biocybern Biomed Eng, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 512–528, 2022.
W. Lu and X. Yan, "Deep fisher autoencoder combined with self-organizing map for visual industrial process monitoring," J Manuf Syst, vol. 56, pp. 241–251, 2020.
Y. Chen, N. Ashizawa, C. K. Yeo, N. Yanai, and S. Yean, "Multi-scale self-organizing map assisted deep autoencoding Gaussian mixture model for unsupervised intrusion detection," Knowl Based Syst, vol. 224, p. 107086, 2021.
A. Asghar, "A New Paradigm for Proactive Self-Healing in Future Self-Organizing Mobile Cellular Networks," 2019.
H. Azzag and J. Lacaille, "Deep Architectures for Joint Clustering and Visualization with Self-Organizing Maps," 2019.
F. Forest, M. Lebbah, H. Azzag, and J. Lacaille, "Deep embedded self-organizing maps for joint representation learning and topology-preserving clustering," Neural Comput Appl, vol. 33, no. 24, pp. 17439–17469, 2021.
H. Azzag and J. Lacaille, "Deep Architectures for Joint Clustering and Visualization with Self-Organizing Maps," 2019.
F. Forest, M. Lebbah, H. Azzag, and J. Lacaille, "Deep embedded self-organizing maps for joint representation learning and topology-preserving clustering," Neural Comput Appl, vol. 33, no. 24, pp. 17439–17469, 2021.
F. Forest, M. Lebbah, H. Azzag, and J. Lacaille, "Deep architectures for joint clustering and visualization with self-organizing maps," in Trends and Applications in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining: PAKDD 2019 Workshops, BDM, DLKT, LDRC, PAISI, WeL, Macau, China, April 14–17, 2019, Revised Selected Papers 23, Springer, 2019, pp. 105–116.
J. Malik, S. Kiranyaz, and M. Gabbouj, "Self-organized operational neural networks for severe image restoration problems," Neural Networks, vol. 135, pp. 201–211, 2021.
H. Pen, Q. Wang, and Z. Wang, "Boundary precedence image inpainting method based on self-organizing maps," Knowl Based Syst, vol. 216, p. 106722, 2021.
J. Malik, S. Kiranyaz, and M. Gabbouj, "Self-organized operational neural networks for severe image restoration problems," Neural Networks, vol. 135, pp. 201–211, 2021.
H. Pen, Q. Wang, and Z. Wang, "Boundary precedence image inpainting method based on self-organizing maps," Knowl Based Syst, vol. 216, p. 106722, 2021.
N. Li, K. Jiang, Z. Ma, X. Wei, X. Hong, and Y. Gong, "Anomaly detection via self-organizing map," in 2021 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), IEEE, 2021, pp. 974–978.
Y. Chen, N. Ashizawa, C. K. Yeo, N. Yanai, and S. Yean, "Multi-scale self-organizing map assisted deep autoencoding Gaussian mixture model for unsupervised intrusion detection," Knowl Based Syst, vol. 224, p. 107086, 2021.
L.-C. Chang, W.-H. Wang, and F.-J. Chang, "Explore training self-organizing map methods for clustering high-dimensional flood inundation maps," J Hydrol (Amst), vol. 595, p. 125655, 2021.
Y. S. Gan, W. Chen, W.-C. Yau, Z. Zou, S.-T. Liong, and S.-Y. Wang, "3D SOC-Net: Deep 3D reconstruction network based on self-organizing clustering mapping," Expert Syst Appl, vol. 213, p. 119209, 2023.
L. Liu, C. Hua, Z. Cheng, and Y. Ji, "Intelligent diagnosis method of MRI brain image using parallel self-organizing feature maps neural network," J Med Imaging Health Inform, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 487–496, 2021.
L. B. Reid, A. Gillman, A. M. Pagnozzi, J. V Manjón, and J. Fripp, "MRI denoising and artefact removal using self-organizing maps for fast global block-matching," in International Workshop on Patch-based Techniques in Medical Imaging, Springer, 2018, pp. 20–27.
B. Sun, M. Li, Y. Li, M. Lv, Z. Peng, and R. Hong, "An interpretable operating condition partitioning approach based on global spatial structure compensation-local temporal information aggregation self-organizing map for complex industrial processes," Expert Syst Appl, vol. 249, p. 123841, 2024.
L. Ma, Z. Guo, M. Lu, S. He, and M. Wang, "Developing an urban streetscape indexing based on visual complexity and self-organizing map," Build Environ, vol. 242, p. 110549, 2023.
Q. Sun, H. Liu, M. Liu, and T. Zhang, "Human activity prediction by mapping grouplets to recurrent Self-Organizing Map," Neurocomputing, vol. 177, pp. 427–440, 2016.
K. Goel, N. Michael, and W. Tabib, "Probabilistic point cloud modelling via self-organizing Gaussian mixture models," IEEE Robot Autom Lett, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 2526–2533, 2023.
Y.-Z. Hsieh, C.-H. Wu, and Y.-T. Chen, "Integrating self-organizing feature map with graph convolutional network for enhanced superpixel segmentation and feature extraction in non-Euclidean data structure," Multimed Tools Appl, pp. 1–26, 2024.
G. Lanciano et al., "Using self-organizing maps for the behavioral analysis of virtualized network functions," in Cloud Computing and Services Science: 10th International Conference, CLOSER 2020, Prague, Czech Republic, May 7–9, 2020, Revised Selected Papers 10, Springer, 2021, pp. 153–177.
W. Ouyang, B. Xu, and X. Yuan, "Color segmentation in multicolor images using node‐growing self‐organizing map," Color Res Appl, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 184–193, 2019.
C. Reinke, M. Etcheverry, and P.-Y. Oudeyer, "Intrinsically motivated discovery of diverse patterns in self-organizing systems," arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.06663, 2019.
Y. Xu, Y. Lee, R. Zou, Y. Zhang, and Y.-M. Cheung, "LSROM: Learning Self-Refined Organizing Map for Fast Imbalanced Streaming Data Clustering," arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.09243, 2024.
N. Li, K. Jiang, Z. Ma, X. Wei, X. Hong, and Y. Gong, "Anomaly detection via self-organizing map," in 2021 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), IEEE, 2021, pp. 974–978.
C. Dong, C. C. Loy, K. He, and X. Tang, "Learning a deep convolutional network for image super-resolution," in Computer Vision–ECCV 2014: 13th European Conference, Zurich, Switzerland, September 6-12, 2014, Proceedings, Part IV 13, Springer, 2014, pp. 184–199.
J. Kim, J. K. Lee, and K. M. Lee, "Accurate image super-resolution using very deep convolutional networks," in Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, 2016, pp. 1646–1654.
C. Ledig et al., "Photo-realistic single image super-resolution using a generative adversarial network," in Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, 2017, pp. 4681–4690.
Y. S. Gan, W. Chen, W.-C. Yau, Z. Zou, S.-T. Liong, and S.-Y. Wang, "3D SOC-Net: Deep 3D reconstruction network based on self-organizing clustering mapping," Expert Syst Appl, vol. 213, p. 119209, 2023.
L. Liu, C. Hua, Z. Cheng, and Y. Ji, "Intelligent diagnosis method of MRI brain image using parallel self-organizing feature maps neural network," J Med Imaging Health Inform, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 487–496, 2021.
W. Lu and X. Yan, "Deep fisher autoencoder combined with self-organizing map for visual industrial process monitoring," J Manuf Syst, vol. 56, pp. 241–251, 2020.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hewa Majeed Zangana, Naaman Omar, Ayaz Khalid Mohammed, Firas Mahmood Mustafa

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Inform: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi agree to the following terms:
-
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
-
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
-
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.