Hubungan Antara Asupan Zat Besi, Protein, dan Paparan Asap Rokok dengan Stunting Anak Usia Prasekolah
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25139/htc.v8i1.10431Keywords:
Stunting, Zat Besi, Protein, Paparan Asap RokokAbstract
Stunting masih menjadi masalah gizi utama dunia, khususnya di Indonesia. Prevalensi stunting di Indonesia tahun 2024 adalah sebanyak 19.8% dimana masih jauh dari target sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) dimana targetnya adalah menghilangkan segala bentuk kekurangan gizi pada tahun 2030. Banyak faktor yang menyebabkan stunting diantaranya faktor langsung, seperti asupan zat gizi seperti protein dan zat besi, dan faktor tidak langsung seperti paparan asap rokok. Anak berusia >3 tahun lebih berisiko mengalami stunting dibandingkan anak yang berusia < 3 tahun. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melihat hubungan asupan zat besi, protein, dan paparan asap rokok terhadap kejadian stunting pada anak usia prasekolah (3-5 tahun). Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross sectional dengan melibatkan 75 anak usia 3-5 tahun di Kecamatan Kedungkandang yang orang tuanya setuju untuk menjadi responden penelitian. Sampel dipilih melalui teknik cluster sampling. Data yang diambil antara lain antropometri untuk mengetahui tinggi badan menurut usia, asupan zat besi dan protein didapatkan melalui Semi Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ), dan paparan asap rokok didapat melalui wawancara menggunakan kuesioner. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan uji chi-square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara asupan zat besi (p=0.044), asupan protein (p=0.023), dan paparan asap rokok (p=0.016) dengan stunting pada anak usia prasekolah. Anak dengan asupan zat besi dan protein yang kurang serta terpapar asap rokok lebih berisiko mengalami stunting. Kesimpulan yang dapat diambil adalah terdapat hubungan antara asupan zat besi, protein, dan paparan asap rokok dengan kejadian stunting pada anak usia prasekolah.
Keyword : Stunting, zat besi, protein, paparan asap rokok
Stunting remains a major nutritional problem globally, especially in Indonesia. The prevalence of stunting in Indonesia is 19.8%, which is still far from the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) target for eliminating all forms of malnutrition by 2030. Many factors contribute to stunting, including direct factors such as nutrient intake like protein and iron, and indirect factors such as exposure to cigarette smoke. Children older than 3 years are at higher risk of experiencing stunting compared to children younger than 3 years. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between iron intake, protein intake, and cigarette smoke exposure with the incidence of stunting in preschool children (3-5 years old). A cross-sectional design was employed in this study, involving 75 children aged 3-5 years in Kedungkandang District whose parents consented to participate. Samples were selected using cluster sampling technique. Data collected included anthropometry to determine height-for-age, iron and protein intake obtained through a Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ), and cigarette smoke exposure gathered via interviews using a questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using a chi-square test. The results of the study demonstrated a significant relationship between iron intake (p=0.044), protein intake (p=0.023), and cigarette smoke exposure (p=0.016) with stunting in preschool children. Children with inadequate iron and protein intake, as well as those exposed to cigarette smoke, have a higher risk of stunting. In conclusion, there is a relationship between iron intake, protein intake, and cigarette smoke exposure with the incidence of stunting in preschool children.
Keywords: stunting, iron, protein, cigarette smoke exposure
References
[2] WHO, “Global Nutritions Targets 2025 Stunting Policy Brief”, UNICEF, 2020.
[3] Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, “Survei Kesehatan Indonesia (SKI) 2023 dalam Angka”, Badan Kebijakan Pembangunan Kesehatan, 2024.
[4] M. A. L. Suratri, G. Putro, B. Rachmat, Nurhayati, Ristrini, N. E. Pracoyo, A. Yulianto, A. Suyatma, M. Samsudin, and Raharni, “Risk Factors for Stunting among Children under Five Years in the Province of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), Indonesia”, IJERPH, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 1-13, Jan. 2023.
[5] C. G. McKenna, S. A. Bartels, L. A. Pablo and M. Walker, “Women’s Decision-making Power and Undernitrition in Their Children Under Age Five in The Democratic Republic of The Congo: A Cross-sectional Study”, PLOS One, vol. 14, no. 12, 2019.
[6] A. Solikhah and R. K. Dewi, “Peranan Protein Hewani dalam Mencegah Stunting pada Anak Balita”, JRST (Jurnal Riset Sains dan Teknologi), vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 95-100, Mar, 2022.
[7] R. Amalia, A. L. Ramadani, and L. Muniroh, “Hubungan Antara Riwayat Pemberian MP-ASI dan Kecukupan Protein dengan Kejadian Stunting pada Balita di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Bantaran Kabupaten Probolinggo”, Media Gizi Indonesia (National Nutrition Journal), vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 310-319, 2022.
[8] E. M. Mahfouz, E. S. Mohammed, S. F. Alkilany, and T. A. A. Rahman, “The Relationship Between Dietary Intake and Stunting Among Pre-school Children in Upper Egypt”, Public Health Nutrition, vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 2179-2187, Sep. 2021
[9] Sirajuddin, S. Rauf, dan Nursalim, “Asupan Zat Besi Berkolerasi dengan Kejadian Stunting Balita di Kecamatan Maros Baru”, Gizi Indonesia, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 109-118, Sep. 2020.
[10] L. Zakiyyah, R. Cholidah, and E. Amalia, “The Relationship Between Iron (Fe) Intake and Stunting Incidence in Toddlers Aged 24-59 Months in The Nipah Health Center Work Area”, Jurnal Biologi Tropis, vol. 25, no. 2, pp.1157-1162, Apr. 2025.
[11] K. Ashraf, T. M. Huda, J. Ikram, S. Ariff, M. Sajid, G. N. Khan, M. Umer, I. Ahmed, M. J. Dibley, and S. B. Soofi, “The Effectiveness of Nutritional Interventions Implemented Through Lady Health Workers on The Reduction of Stunting in Children Under 5 in Pakistan: The Difference-in-Difference Analysis”, Nutrients, vol. 16, no. 13, Jul. 2024.
[12] K. Dewi, Susaldi, dan M. Munawaroh, “Hubungan Paparan Asap Rokok, Pola Makan dan Faktor Riwayat Penyakit dengan Kejadian Stunting”, SENTRI: Jurnal Riset Ilmiah, Vol. 3, no. 4, Apr. 2024.
[13] N. Muchlis, R. A. Yusuf, A. R. Rusydi, N. U. Mahmud, N. Hikmah, A. Qanitha, and A. Ahsan, “Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Stunting Among Under-five Children in Rural and Poor Families in Indonesia”, Environmental Health Insight, vol. 17, pp. 1-7, Jun. 2023.
[14] D. D. K. Jayusman, E. Y. Aritonang, and Z. Lubis, “Comparison of Calcium and Iron Intake of Stunting and Non-Stunting Toddlers in Langkat Regency”, International Journal of Research and Review, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 501-508, Jan. 2021.
[15] D. A. Ilmani and S. Fikawati, “Nutrition Intake as a Risk Factor of Stunting in Children Aged 25-30 Months in Central Jakarta, Indonesia”, Jurnal Gizi Pangan, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 117-126, Jul. 2023.
[16] W. H. Cahyati and A. Yuniastuti, “Disparity of Risk Factors Stunting on Toddlers in The Coast and The Mountain Areas of Sinjai, South Sulawesi”, Jurnal Gizi Pangan, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 117-126, Jul. 2023.
[17] A. N. S Nugraheni, S. A. Nugraheni, dan N. Lisnawati, “Hubungan Asupan Zat Gizi Makro dan Mineral dengan Kejadian Balita Stunting di Indonesia: Kajian Pustaka”, Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 322-330, Oct. 2020.
[18] M. Zambruni, T. J. Ochoa, A. Somasunderam, M. M. Cabada, M. L. Morales, M. Mitreva, B. A. Rosa, G. J. Acosta, N. I. Vigo, M. Riveros, S. Arango, D. Durand, M. N. Berends, P. Melby, and N. S. Utay, “Stunting is Preceded by Intestinal Mucosal Damage and Microbiome Changes and is Associated with Systematic Inflammation in a Cohort of Peruvian Infants”, AJTMH, vol. 101, no. 5, pp. 1009-1017. Sep. 2019.
[19] S. B. G. J. . Hina dan I. Picauly, “Hubungan Faktor Asupan Gizi, Riwayat Penyakit Infeksi Dan Riwayat Asi Eksklusif Dengan Kejadian Stunting Di Kabupaten Kupang”, JPAZIH, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 61-70, Nov. 2021.
[20] S. Handayani, F. Amiruddin, R. Tangdilian, T. Padallingan, and E. P. Sari, “Literasi Kesehatan tentang Bahaya Rokok pada Anak Sekolah Dasar”, Abdi Wiralodra: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1-14, 2023.
[21] I. S. Aisyah and A. E. Yunianto, “Hubungan Asupan Energi dan Asupan Protein dengan Kejadian Stunting pada Balita (24-59 Bulan) di Kelurahan Karanganyar Kecamatan Kawalu Kota Tasikmalaya”, Jurnal Kesehatan Komunitas Indonesia, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 240-246, Mar. 2021.
[22] M. Tessema, T. Belachew, and G. Ersino, “Feeding Patterns and Stunting During Early Childhood in Rural Communities of Sidama, South Ethiopia”, Pan African Medical Journal, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1-12, May 2016
[23] N. Izah and N. M. . Desi, “Efektivitas Konsumsi Protein Hewani (Telur Dan Ikan) Sebagai Strategi Penuntasan Stunting”, JIKEBI, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 66–70, Sep. 2023.
[24] Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, “HGN 63: Protein Hewani Cegah Stunting”,https://sehatnegeriku.kemkes.go.id/baca/umum/20230121/2842259/hgn-63-protein-hewani-cegah-stunting/ 2023.
[25] N. C. H. Hamzah, Ayahrinullah, Wvawaty, dan Zulfatmah, “Identifikasi Risiko dan Evaluasi Intervensi Spesifik pada Anak Stunting Berdasarkan Audit Kasus Stunting Berbasis Surveilans di Wilayah Lokus Kabupaten Majene”, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Bina Bangsa Majene, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 90-96, 2024
[26] Shylvia Cholifatus Sholihah, “Hubungan Berat Badan Lahir Rendah (Bblr) Terhadap Kejadian Stunting Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Dradah”, PREPOTIF, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 135–140, Dec. 2023.
[27] D. Sinaga, M. Sinabariba, and E. Arisandi, “The Relationship Between Low Birth Weight and the Incidence of Stunting in Toddlers 2 Years Old”, PICNHS, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 99-102, Mar. 2024.
[28] M. I. Maro, I. A. D. Satiti, and Y. Angelina, “Hubungan Riwayat ISPA dengan Kejadian Stunting pada Balita”, Media Husada Journal of Nursing Science, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 172-179, Nov. 2023.
[29] B. Batiro, T. Demissie, Y. Halala, and A. A. Anjulo, “Determinants of Stunting Among Children Aged 6-59 Months at Kondo Didaye Woreda, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia: Unmatched Case Control Study”, PLOS One, vol. 12, no. 12, Des. 2017.
[30] M. D. DeBoer, R. J. Acharf, A. M. Leite, A. Ferrer, A. Havt, R. Pinkerton, A. A. Lima, and R. L. Guerrant, “Systemic Inflammation, Growth Factors, and Linear Growth in The Setting of Infection and Malnutrition”, Nutrition, vol. 33, pp. 248-253, Jan. 2017.
[31] E. H. Himawati and L. Fitria, “Hubungan Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Atas dengan Kejadian Stunting pada Anak Usia di Bawah 5 Tahun di Sampang”, Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1-5, Mei. 2020.
