SOCIAL IMPACT OF FINANCIAL TECHNOLOGY AND ISLAMIC ECONOMICS EDUCATION
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Keywords:
Social impact, Financial Technology, Economics Education, Sharia
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to test hypotheses about how the impact of financial technology (Fintech) and Islamic economic education in improving social welfare. Correlational quantitative research was chosen to reveal the social impact of the two variables. The research population is all people in Lampung Province, Indonesia who are educated in Islamic economics, who at the time of the study were at least sitting in the fifth semester undergraduate program. The sample is 308 people or 10% of the population of 3080 people. Data were collected using a questioner that was shared using Google Form. Data analysis was performed using a structural equation model (SEM) approach with the Lisrel 8.80 program. The results showed that, the social impact of utilizing financial technology and Islamic economic education includes two aspects, namely positive and negative impacts which are all related to people's economic behavior, economic learning, and psychological and spiritual health. Positive impacts dominate more than negative impacts.
References
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Aliyu, S. U. (2019). Reflections on the Socioecomic Role of Waqf in an Islamic Economic System. IJUS | International Journal of Umranic Studies Vol.2 Issue 1, pp. 32-44.
Arsyianti, L. D., & Kassim, S. (2018). Financial Prudence Through Financial Education: A Conceptual Framework for Financial Inclusion. Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Islamic Economics, 31 (1).
Ayyub, S., Xuhui, W., Asif, M. and Ayyub, R. (2019), "Determinants of intention to use Islamic banking: A comparative analysis of users and non-users of Islamic banking: evidence from Pakistan", International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, Vol. 13 No. 1, pp. 147-163. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-05-2017-0135
Al-Abbadi, A. H., & Abdullah, A. (2017). Modeling Psychology in Islamic Wealth Management. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 9 (10), 64-85.
Anderson, A., Baker, F., & Robinson, D. T. (2017). Precautionary savings, retirement planning and misperceptions of financial literacy. Journal of Financial Economics, 126(2), 383-398.
Antara, P. M., Musa, R., & Hassan, F. (2016). Bridging Islamic financial literacy and halal literacy: the way forward in halal ecosystem. Procedia Economics and Finance, 37, 196-202.
Baqutayan, S. M. S., Mohsin, M. I. A., Mahdzir, A. M., & Ariffin, A. S. (2018). The psychology of giving behavior in Islam. Sociology International Journal, 2 (2), 88-92.
Bangash, R., Khattak, Z. Z., & Khan, H. (2019). The Development of Islamic Finance and Fostering the Influence of Moral Values and Personal Factors in Investment Decision. Global Social Sciences Review, 4 (1), 49-60.
Barata, A. (2019). Strengthening National Economic Growth And Equitable Income Through Sharia Digital Economy In Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance, 5(1), 145-168.
Bakar, O. (2016). Science and technology for mankind’s benefits: Islamic theories and practices - past, present, and future. In Islamic Perspectives on Science and Technology (pp. 17-33). Springer, Singapore.
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Buchak, G., Matvos, G., Piskorski, T., & Seru, A. (2018). Fintech, regulatory arbitrage, and the rise of shadow banks. Journal of Financial Economics, 130(3), 453-483.
Bongomin, George O. C., Ntayi, Joseph Mpeera, Munene, John C., Nabeta, Isaac Nkote. (2016) "Social capital: mediator of financial literacy and financial inclusion in rural Uganda", Review of International Business and Strategy, Vol. 26 Issue: 2, pp.291-312, https://doi.org/10.1108/RIBS-06-2014-0072
Cohen, Monique & Nelson, Candace. (2011). Financial Literacy : A Step for Clients Towards Financial Inclusion. Valladolid : Global Microcredit Summit 2011
Cordero, R.C.H & Marouzé, P.D. (2016). Financial Inclusion through Financial Education in Mexico: Is Financial Education the way to achieve Social and Financial Inclusion. Thesis. International Master in Microfinance for Entrepreneurship from the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. https://www.mastermicrofinance.com/Investigacion/WP4_2016-Hernandez_Marouze-Financial_Inclusion_through_Financial_Education_in_Mexico_p.pdf
Demirguc-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., Penyanyi, D., Ansar, S., & Hess, J. (2018). Database Findex Global 2017. Bank Dunia.
Dranev, Y., Frolova, K., & Ochirova, E. (2019). The impact of fintech M&A on stock returns. Research in International Business and Finance, 48, 353-364.
Elasrag, H. (2019). Blockchains for Islamic finance: Obstacles & challenges, pp. 1-39. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/en/eprint/92676
Gai, K., Qiu, M., & Sun, X. (2018). A survey on FinTech. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 103, 262-273.
Ghozali, I., 2016. Aplikasi Analisis Multivariete Dengan Program IBM SPSS 23 Edisi Kedelapan [Multivariate Analysis Application with the IBM SPSS 23 Program Eighth Edition]. Semarang: Press Unitof Universitas Diponegoro.
Grohmann, A., Klühs, T., & Menkhoff, L. (2018). Does financial literacy improve financial inclusion? Cross country evidence. World Development, 111, 84-96.
Hanafizadeh, P., Ghandchi, S., & Asgarimehr, M. (2017). Impact of Information Technology on Lifestyle: A Literature Review and Classification. International Journal of Virtual Communities and Social Networking (IJVCSN), 9(2), 1-23.
Hisnam, M., & Alam,, MK. (2019). Digitalization, Innovation and Sustanaible Development and Evidence of Islamic Finance Perspective. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 9(12), 651-656
Hsiao, Y. J., & Tsai, W. C. (2018). Financial literacy and participation in the derivatives markets. Journal of Banking & Finance, 88, 15-29.
Iliadis M, Richards I and Wood MA. (2019). News making criminology in Australia and New Zealand: Results from a mixed methods study of criminologists’ media engagement. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 0(0), pp. 1-18. doi: 10.1177/0004865819854794
Jagtiani, J., & Lemieux, C. (2018). Do fintech lenders penetrate areas that are underserved by traditional banks?. Journal of Economics and Business, 100, pp. 43-54. DOI: 10.21799/frbp.wp.2018.13
Koomson, I., Villano, R. A., & Hadley, D. (2019). Intensifying financial inclusion through the provision of financial literacy training: a gendered perspective. Applied Economics, Vol 52 Issue. 4, pp. 375-387. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2019.1645943
Malaguti, Maria Chiara. 2015. “Payment System Regulation for Improving Financial Inclusion.” Washington, D.C.: Center for Global Development.https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/CGD-Policy-Paper-70-Malaguti-Payment-Systems-Financial-Inclusion-1.pdf
Mangeswuri, et al. (2018).Industri Kreatif, Fintech dan UMKM dalam Era Digital [Creative Industries, Fintech and SMEs in the Digital Age]. Ed. Carunia Mulya Firdausy. Jakarta Pusat: Pusat Penelitian Badan Keahlian DPR RI.
Maulana, H., Razak, D. and Adeyemi, A. (2018), "Factors influencing behaviour to participate in Islamic microfinance", International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, Vol. 11 No. 1, pp. 109-130. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-05-2017-0134
Meiria, E., Hamid, A., & Aishah, R. (2019). Sme's Growth Pattern as a Success Business Indicator Through Sharia Economic in Reducing Poverty in Indonesia. Archives of Business Research, 7 (1).
Milian, Eduardo Z., Spinola, Mauro de M., & Carvalho, Marly M.de. (2019). ‘Fintechs: A Literature Review and Research Agenda’, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 34, 100833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2019.100833.
Mohsin, M. I. A. (2019). Waqfintech and Sustainable Socio-Economic Development. International Journal of Management and Applied Research, 6 (3), 130-141.
Mohamed, H., & Ali, H. (2018). Blockchain, Fintech, and Islamic finance: Building the future in the new Islamic digital economy. Walter de Gruyter Gmb: H & Co. KG.
Morgan, P.J & L.Q. Trinh. 2019. Fintech and Finacial Litercy in the Lao PDR. ABDI Working Paper 933. Tokyo; Asian Development Bank Institute. pp.1-23. Availble: https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/491631/adbi-wp933.pdf
Nayebpur, A., & Moosavi, S. M. R. (2016). The Role of Islamic-based Education in the Prevention of Personal – Psychological Damages in Cyberspace. Prevention, 11 (2).
Ozili, P. K. (2018). Impact of digital finance on financial inclusion and stability. Borsa Istanbul Review, 18(4), 329-340.
OJK (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan). Edukasi Konsumen. (December, 2017). Sikapiuangmu.ojk.go.id. https://sikapiuangmu.ojk.go.id/FrontEnd/CMS/Download/467
Rahim, N. F., Bakri, M. H., & Yahaya, S. N. (2019). Fintech and Shariah Principles in Smart Contracts. In FinTech as a Disruptive Technology for Financial Institutions IGI Global.(pp. 207-220).
Salampasis, D., & Mention, A. L. (2018). FinTech: Harnessing Innovation for Financial Inclusion. In Handbook of Blockchain, Digital Finance, and Inclusion, Volume 2 Academic Press. (pp. 451-461).
Saged, A. A. G.,et.al. (2018). Impact of the Quran in the treatment of psychological disorders and spiritual illness. Journal of religion and health, Feb 26. pp. 1-14. doi: 10.1007/s10943-018-0572-8.
Santoso, I. R., Canon, S., & Pakaya, A. R. (2019). The Role of Islamic Financial Institutions in Supporting Economic Growth in the Digital Era: Case Study in Indonesia. ICIDS 2019, Proceedings of The First International Conference on Islamic Development Studies. Bandar Lampung, Indonesia. DOI 10.4108/eai.10-9-2019.2289380
Siahaan, D., Iswati, S., & Zarkasyi, A. F. (2019). Social Enterprise: The Alternatives Financial Support For Educational Institutions. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 9 (3), 1.
Setiawati, R., Nidar, S. R., Anwar, M., & Masyita, D. (2018). Islamic Financial Literacy: Construct Process and Validity. Academy of Strategic Management Journal Vol 17 Issue 4, pp. 1-12. https://www.abacademies.org/articles/Islamic-financial-literacy-construct-process-1939-6104-17-4-242.pdf
Sulaiman, A. I., Suswanto, B., & Masrukin, M. (2018). Economic Empowerment of Islamic Student Throught Optional Course Learning in Boarding Schools for Harmonization and Preventing Negative Stigma. International Educational Research, 1 (2), p26-p26.
Shen, Yan., Hu, Wenxiu & Hueng, C. James, 2018, The Effects of Financial Litercy, Digital poduct Usage and Internet Usage on Finacial Incluson in China. MATEC Web of Conferences 228: pp.1-6. DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/201822805012
Uddin, M. N., Bhar, S., Al Mahmud, A., & Islam, F. M. A. (2017). Psychological distress and quality of life: rationale and protocol of a prospective cohort study in a rural district in Bangaladesh. BMJ open access, 7 (9), e016745.
Utami, P., & Julianas, D. (2019). Management of Zakat Payment Based on Fintech for the Good Corporate Governance Improvement. Eastern Journal of Economics and Finance, 4 (2), 41-50.
Westbrook L and Saperstein A (2015) New categories are not enough: Rethinking the measurement of sex and gender in social surveys. Gender & Society 29(4): 534–560. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0891243215584758
Wyman, O. (2017). Accelerating Financial Inclusion in South-East Asia with Digital Finance. Asian Development Bank. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/222061/financial-inclusion-se-asia.pdf
Winosa, Yosi. Fintech Pecahkan Tantangan Sosial Ekonomi Indonesia di masa Depan [Fintech Solves Indonesia's Future Socio-Economic Challenges]. Ed. Khomairoh. (September 13, 2019). Wartaekonomi.co.id.https://www.wartaekonomi.co.id/read246506/fintech-pecahkan-tantangan-sosial-ekonomi-indonesia-di-masa-depan
Yuen, E. K., Hernbert, J. D., Forman, E. M., Goetter, E. M., Comer, R., & Bradley, J. C. (2013). Treatment Social Anxiety Disorders Using Online Virtual Environments in Second Life. Behavior Therapy, 44 (1), 51-61. doi: 10.1016 / j.beth.2012.06.001 PMID: 23312426
Zimmerman, J. M., & Baur, S. (2016). Understanding how consumer risks in digital social payments can erode their financial inclusion potential. World Bank Other Operational Studies 24568, The World Bank.
Alam, M. M., Shahriar, S. M., Said, J., Elahi, E., & Monzur, M. (2018). Waqf as a tool for rendering social welfare services in the social entrepreneurship context. Global Journal of Al-Thaqafah, 2018, 87-98.
Al Azizah, U. S., & Choirin, M. (2018). Financial innovation on Zakat distribution and economic growth. In the International Conference of Zakat. Proceedings, Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada. pp. 31-42. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.37706/iconz
Aliyu, S. U. (2019). Reflections on the Socioecomic Role of Waqf in an Islamic Economic System. IJUS | International Journal of Umranic Studies Vol.2 Issue 1, pp. 32-44.
Arsyianti, L. D., & Kassim, S. (2018). Financial Prudence Through Financial Education: A Conceptual Framework for Financial Inclusion. Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Islamic Economics, 31 (1).
Ayyub, S., Xuhui, W., Asif, M. and Ayyub, R. (2019), "Determinants of intention to use Islamic banking: A comparative analysis of users and non-users of Islamic banking: evidence from Pakistan", International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, Vol. 13 No. 1, pp. 147-163. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-05-2017-0135
Al-Abbadi, A. H., & Abdullah, A. (2017). Modeling Psychology in Islamic Wealth Management. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 9 (10), 64-85.
Anderson, A., Baker, F., & Robinson, D. T. (2017). Precautionary savings, retirement planning and misperceptions of financial literacy. Journal of Financial Economics, 126(2), 383-398.
Antara, P. M., Musa, R., & Hassan, F. (2016). Bridging Islamic financial literacy and halal literacy: the way forward in halal ecosystem. Procedia Economics and Finance, 37, 196-202.
Baqutayan, S. M. S., Mohsin, M. I. A., Mahdzir, A. M., & Ariffin, A. S. (2018). The psychology of giving behavior in Islam. Sociology International Journal, 2 (2), 88-92.
Bangash, R., Khattak, Z. Z., & Khan, H. (2019). The Development of Islamic Finance and Fostering the Influence of Moral Values and Personal Factors in Investment Decision. Global Social Sciences Review, 4 (1), 49-60.
Barata, A. (2019). Strengthening National Economic Growth And Equitable Income Through Sharia Digital Economy In Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance, 5(1), 145-168.
Bakar, O. (2016). Science and technology for mankind’s benefits: Islamic theories and practices - past, present, and future. In Islamic Perspectives on Science and Technology (pp. 17-33). Springer, Singapore.
Bellofatto, Anthony., D'Hondt, Catherine & De Winne, Rudy. (2018). 'Subjective Financial Literacy and Retail Investors' 'Behavior', Journal of Banking and Finance, 168–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2018.05.004.
Buchak, G., Matvos, G., Piskorski, T., & Seru, A. (2018). Fintech, regulatory arbitrage, and the rise of shadow banks. Journal of Financial Economics, 130(3), 453-483.
Bongomin, George O. C., Ntayi, Joseph Mpeera, Munene, John C., Nabeta, Isaac Nkote. (2016) "Social capital: mediator of financial literacy and financial inclusion in rural Uganda", Review of International Business and Strategy, Vol. 26 Issue: 2, pp.291-312, https://doi.org/10.1108/RIBS-06-2014-0072
Cohen, Monique & Nelson, Candace. (2011). Financial Literacy : A Step for Clients Towards Financial Inclusion. Valladolid : Global Microcredit Summit 2011
Cordero, R.C.H & Marouzé, P.D. (2016). Financial Inclusion through Financial Education in Mexico: Is Financial Education the way to achieve Social and Financial Inclusion. Thesis. International Master in Microfinance for Entrepreneurship from the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. https://www.mastermicrofinance.com/Investigacion/WP4_2016-Hernandez_Marouze-Financial_Inclusion_through_Financial_Education_in_Mexico_p.pdf
Demirguc-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., Penyanyi, D., Ansar, S., & Hess, J. (2018). Database Findex Global 2017. Bank Dunia.
Dranev, Y., Frolova, K., & Ochirova, E. (2019). The impact of fintech M&A on stock returns. Research in International Business and Finance, 48, 353-364.
Elasrag, H. (2019). Blockchains for Islamic finance: Obstacles & challenges, pp. 1-39. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/en/eprint/92676
Gai, K., Qiu, M., & Sun, X. (2018). A survey on FinTech. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 103, 262-273.
Ghozali, I., 2016. Aplikasi Analisis Multivariete Dengan Program IBM SPSS 23 Edisi Kedelapan [Multivariate Analysis Application with the IBM SPSS 23 Program Eighth Edition]. Semarang: Press Unitof Universitas Diponegoro.
Grohmann, A., Klühs, T., & Menkhoff, L. (2018). Does financial literacy improve financial inclusion? Cross country evidence. World Development, 111, 84-96.
Hanafizadeh, P., Ghandchi, S., & Asgarimehr, M. (2017). Impact of Information Technology on Lifestyle: A Literature Review and Classification. International Journal of Virtual Communities and Social Networking (IJVCSN), 9(2), 1-23.
Hisnam, M., & Alam,, MK. (2019). Digitalization, Innovation and Sustanaible Development and Evidence of Islamic Finance Perspective. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 9(12), 651-656
Hsiao, Y. J., & Tsai, W. C. (2018). Financial literacy and participation in the derivatives markets. Journal of Banking & Finance, 88, 15-29.
Iliadis M, Richards I and Wood MA. (2019). News making criminology in Australia and New Zealand: Results from a mixed methods study of criminologists’ media engagement. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 0(0), pp. 1-18. doi: 10.1177/0004865819854794
Jagtiani, J., & Lemieux, C. (2018). Do fintech lenders penetrate areas that are underserved by traditional banks?. Journal of Economics and Business, 100, pp. 43-54. DOI: 10.21799/frbp.wp.2018.13
Koomson, I., Villano, R. A., & Hadley, D. (2019). Intensifying financial inclusion through the provision of financial literacy training: a gendered perspective. Applied Economics, Vol 52 Issue. 4, pp. 375-387. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2019.1645943
Malaguti, Maria Chiara. 2015. “Payment System Regulation for Improving Financial Inclusion.” Washington, D.C.: Center for Global Development.https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/CGD-Policy-Paper-70-Malaguti-Payment-Systems-Financial-Inclusion-1.pdf
Mangeswuri, et al. (2018).Industri Kreatif, Fintech dan UMKM dalam Era Digital [Creative Industries, Fintech and SMEs in the Digital Age]. Ed. Carunia Mulya Firdausy. Jakarta Pusat: Pusat Penelitian Badan Keahlian DPR RI.
Maulana, H., Razak, D. and Adeyemi, A. (2018), "Factors influencing behaviour to participate in Islamic microfinance", International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, Vol. 11 No. 1, pp. 109-130. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-05-2017-0134
Meiria, E., Hamid, A., & Aishah, R. (2019). Sme's Growth Pattern as a Success Business Indicator Through Sharia Economic in Reducing Poverty in Indonesia. Archives of Business Research, 7 (1).
Milian, Eduardo Z., Spinola, Mauro de M., & Carvalho, Marly M.de. (2019). ‘Fintechs: A Literature Review and Research Agenda’, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 34, 100833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2019.100833.
Mohsin, M. I. A. (2019). Waqfintech and Sustainable Socio-Economic Development. International Journal of Management and Applied Research, 6 (3), 130-141.
Mohamed, H., & Ali, H. (2018). Blockchain, Fintech, and Islamic finance: Building the future in the new Islamic digital economy. Walter de Gruyter Gmb: H & Co. KG.
Morgan, P.J & L.Q. Trinh. 2019. Fintech and Finacial Litercy in the Lao PDR. ABDI Working Paper 933. Tokyo; Asian Development Bank Institute. pp.1-23. Availble: https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/491631/adbi-wp933.pdf
Nayebpur, A., & Moosavi, S. M. R. (2016). The Role of Islamic-based Education in the Prevention of Personal – Psychological Damages in Cyberspace. Prevention, 11 (2).
Ozili, P. K. (2018). Impact of digital finance on financial inclusion and stability. Borsa Istanbul Review, 18(4), 329-340.
OJK (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan). Edukasi Konsumen. (December, 2017). Sikapiuangmu.ojk.go.id. https://sikapiuangmu.ojk.go.id/FrontEnd/CMS/Download/467
Rahim, N. F., Bakri, M. H., & Yahaya, S. N. (2019). Fintech and Shariah Principles in Smart Contracts. In FinTech as a Disruptive Technology for Financial Institutions IGI Global.(pp. 207-220).
Salampasis, D., & Mention, A. L. (2018). FinTech: Harnessing Innovation for Financial Inclusion. In Handbook of Blockchain, Digital Finance, and Inclusion, Volume 2 Academic Press. (pp. 451-461).
Saged, A. A. G.,et.al. (2018). Impact of the Quran in the treatment of psychological disorders and spiritual illness. Journal of religion and health, Feb 26. pp. 1-14. doi: 10.1007/s10943-018-0572-8.
Santoso, I. R., Canon, S., & Pakaya, A. R. (2019). The Role of Islamic Financial Institutions in Supporting Economic Growth in the Digital Era: Case Study in Indonesia. ICIDS 2019, Proceedings of The First International Conference on Islamic Development Studies. Bandar Lampung, Indonesia. DOI 10.4108/eai.10-9-2019.2289380
Siahaan, D., Iswati, S., & Zarkasyi, A. F. (2019). Social Enterprise: The Alternatives Financial Support For Educational Institutions. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 9 (3), 1.
Setiawati, R., Nidar, S. R., Anwar, M., & Masyita, D. (2018). Islamic Financial Literacy: Construct Process and Validity. Academy of Strategic Management Journal Vol 17 Issue 4, pp. 1-12. https://www.abacademies.org/articles/Islamic-financial-literacy-construct-process-1939-6104-17-4-242.pdf
Sulaiman, A. I., Suswanto, B., & Masrukin, M. (2018). Economic Empowerment of Islamic Student Throught Optional Course Learning in Boarding Schools for Harmonization and Preventing Negative Stigma. International Educational Research, 1 (2), p26-p26.
Shen, Yan., Hu, Wenxiu & Hueng, C. James, 2018, The Effects of Financial Litercy, Digital poduct Usage and Internet Usage on Finacial Incluson in China. MATEC Web of Conferences 228: pp.1-6. DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/201822805012
Uddin, M. N., Bhar, S., Al Mahmud, A., & Islam, F. M. A. (2017). Psychological distress and quality of life: rationale and protocol of a prospective cohort study in a rural district in Bangaladesh. BMJ open access, 7 (9), e016745.
Utami, P., & Julianas, D. (2019). Management of Zakat Payment Based on Fintech for the Good Corporate Governance Improvement. Eastern Journal of Economics and Finance, 4 (2), 41-50.
Westbrook L and Saperstein A (2015) New categories are not enough: Rethinking the measurement of sex and gender in social surveys. Gender & Society 29(4): 534–560. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0891243215584758
Wyman, O. (2017). Accelerating Financial Inclusion in South-East Asia with Digital Finance. Asian Development Bank. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/222061/financial-inclusion-se-asia.pdf
Winosa, Yosi. Fintech Pecahkan Tantangan Sosial Ekonomi Indonesia di masa Depan [Fintech Solves Indonesia's Future Socio-Economic Challenges]. Ed. Khomairoh. (September 13, 2019). Wartaekonomi.co.id.https://www.wartaekonomi.co.id/read246506/fintech-pecahkan-tantangan-sosial-ekonomi-indonesia-di-masa-depan
Yuen, E. K., Hernbert, J. D., Forman, E. M., Goetter, E. M., Comer, R., & Bradley, J. C. (2013). Treatment Social Anxiety Disorders Using Online Virtual Environments in Second Life. Behavior Therapy, 44 (1), 51-61. doi: 10.1016 / j.beth.2012.06.001 PMID: 23312426
Zimmerman, J. M., & Baur, S. (2016). Understanding how consumer risks in digital social payments can erode their financial inclusion potential. World Bank Other Operational Studies 24568, The World Bank.
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