Implementasi Doktrin Undue Influence (Penyalahgunaan Keadaan) untuk Mewujudkan Keadilan dalam Perjanjian Kerja Sama
Abstract
Penelitian ini mengkaji implementasi doktrin penyalahgunaan keadaan (undue influence atau misbruik van omstandigheden) dalam sistem hukum perjanjian di Indonesia untuk mewujudkan keadilan kontraktual substantif. Di tengah dinamika ekonomi modern dan ekosistem digital, asas kebebasan berkontrak sering kali menjadi sarana eksploitasi ketika terdapat ketimpangan posisi tawar yang signifikan antara para pihak. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif melalui pendekatan perbandingan hukum (comparative approach), penelitian ini mengintegrasikan yurisprudensi dari sistem Common Law (Inggris dan Kanada) serta kodifikasi hukum Belanda modern untuk merumuskan indikator objektif bagi hakim di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa doktrin penyalahgunaan keadaan telah diakui oleh Mahkamah Agung sebagai "cacat kehendak keempat" yang melengkapi konsep klasik paksaan, penipuan, dan kekhilafan dalam Pasal 1321 KUHPerdata. Penyalahgunaan ini mencakup keunggulan ekonomis (economische overwicht) dan keunggulan kejiwaan (geestelijke overwicht). Analisis terhadap sengketa bisnis kontemporer, termasuk dalam sektor startup dan ekonomi digital, mengungkapkan perlunya penerapan asas proporsionalitas dan itikad baik untuk mengoreksi klausul kontrak yang eksploitatif. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa kodifikasi formal doktrin ini ke dalam hukum nasional sangat mendesak demi menjamin kepastian hukum dan perlindungan terhadap pihak yang lemah dalam transaksi yang semakin kompleks.
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