Re-evaluasi Klausul Eksonerasi dalam Perjanjian Baku: Menakar Keadilan bagi Konsumen di Era Ekonomi Digital
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25139/lex.v10i2.11837Keywords:
Klausul Eksonerasi, Perjanjian Baku, Perlindungan Konsumen, Ekonomi Digital, Keadilan KontraktualAbstract
Perkembangan pesat ekonomi digital telah mengubah paradigma transaksi dari negosiasi individual menjadi standarisasi masif dalam bentuk perjanjian baku. Fenomena ini menghadirkan tantangan hukum berupa pencantuman klausul eksonerasi yang secara sepihak membatasi atau menghapuskan tanggung jawab pelaku usaha. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk melakukan re-evaluasi terhadap klausul eksonerasi dalam ekosistem digital dengan menakar aspek keadilan bagi konsumen melalui perspektif hukum perbandingan dan teori keadilan. Permasalahan utama yang dikaji adalah ketimpangan posisi tawar yang diperparah oleh mekanisme click-wrap dan browse-wrap serta rendahnya efektivitas regulasi ex-post dalam melindungi hak konsumen. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis-normatif dengan pendekatan perbandingan hukum (Indonesia, Inggris, Uni Eropa, Australia, dan Amerika Serikat) serta pendekatan konseptual. Hasil analisis dibagi ke dalam dua pembahasan utama: (1) Konstruksi yuridis klausul eksonerasi dalam ekosistem digital dan perbandingannya secara global; serta (2) Dekonstruksi keadilan berdasarkan teori Justice as Fairness John Rawls dan urgensi reformasi regulasi menuju pengawasan administratif preventif. Tulisan ini menyimpulkan bahwa mekanisme perlindungan konsumen di Indonesia memerlukan transformasi dari pengawasan reaktif menuju sistem pengawasan administratif ex-ante, adopsi sistem blacklist/greylist, serta penguatan kewenangan lembaga otoritas untuk melakukan uji kewajaran (reasonableness test) terhadap kontrak standar sebelum dipublikasikan.
References
Admiral, Arifin, R., Adinda, F. A., & Ezzerouali, S. (2025). Unfair Terms in Standard Digital Contracts: A Hidden Threat to Human Rights and Consumer Justice. Yustisia Jurnal Hukum, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v14i3.109656
Bakos, Y., Marotta-Wurgler, F., & Trossen, D. R. (2014). Does Anyone Read the Fine Print? Consumer Attention to Standard-Form Contracts. Journal of Legal Studies, 43(1). https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/jls/vol43/iss1/2/
Bix, B. H. (2013). Boilerplate, Freedom of Contract, and “Democratic Degradation.” Tulsa Law Review, 49, 501. https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/faculty_articles/196/
Brown, J. L. (2025, November 18). The Expanding Prevalence of AI Clauses in Contracts. Law Bulletins. https://www.taftlaw.com/news-events/law-bulletins/the-expanding-prevalence-of-ai-clauses-in-contracts/
Bushansky, A. (2025). Consumer Vs. Code: The Future of Consumer Smart Contracts from Code to Legal Practice. Fordham International Law Journal, 49(1), 49–95. https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2917&context=ilj
Colose, C., & Salam, A. (2025). Tinjauan Yuridis Perbandingan Pengaturan Klausula Eksonerasi di Indonesia dan Inggris dalam Konteks Hukum Perdata Indonesia dan Inggris dalam Konteks Hukum Perdata. Lex Patrimonium, 4(2), 1–19. https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/lexpatri/vol4/iss2/3
Commonwealth of Australia. (2013). Unfair contract terms. In Industry review outcomes. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission.
European Union. (2026). How the Digital Services Act enhances transparency online. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/dsa-brings-transparency
Fortnow, L., & Kim, N. S. (2025). Contract and Commercial Law Challenges with AI Products and Services. In S.-A. Elvy & N. S. Kim (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Emerging Issues at the Intersection of Commercial Law and Technology (pp. 317–335). Cambridge University Press.
Frazier, K. T. (2025, February 24). A Modern Consumer Bill of Rights in the Age of AI. University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School. https://www.theregreview.org/2025/02/24/frazier-a-modern-consumer-bill-of-rights-in-the-age-of-ai/
Garousi, A. A., Pirhadi, M., Amini, E., & Abbasi, E. (2026). Legal Instruments in the Transformation of Adhesion Contracts. Legal Studies in Digital Age, 5(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.lsda.236
Jones Day. (2023, December). Australian Unfair Contract Terms Regime Renders Foreign Class Action Waiver Clauses Void. https://www.jonesday.com/en/insights/2023/12/australian-unfair-contract-terms-regime-renders-foreign-class-action-waiver-clauses-void
Kristiyanti, C. T. S. (2019). Perlindungan Hukum bagi Konsumen Jasa Keuangan dalam Perjanjian Baku dengan Klausula Eksonerasi. Arena Hukum, 12(2), 356–369. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.arenahukum.2019.01202.8
Lewis, M. (2026, January 22). Contracting for Cloud Computing Capacity: Key Concerns for Customers. JD Supra. https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/contracting-for-cloud-computing-8860140/
Marotta-Wurgler, F. (2015, January 30). Focusing on the Fine Print: Florencia Marotta-Wurgler breaks new ground in her research on consumer contracts. New York University School of Law. https://www.law.nyu.edu/news/ideas/Marotta-Wurgler-standard-form-contracts-fine-print
Masturi, F. N., Herlan, A., Iryatin, A. F. N., & Mardianto, A. (2025). Tantangan dan Peran Hukum Perlindungan Konsumen pada Era Ekonomi Digital. Soedirman Law Review, 7(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.slr.2025.7.1.16095
Okelo, E., Apiyo, N. J., & Kimani, S. (2025). John Rawls’ Concept of Justice as Fairness. Open Journal of Philosophy, 15(4), 775–787. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpp.2025.154047
Patria, D. K. K., & Rokhim, A. (2025). Klausula Eksonerasi dalam E-Commerce: Antara Kebebasan Berkontrak dan Penyalahgunaan Keadaan. JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW, 8(3), 1743–1757. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v8i3.12776
Putri, Y. B., Hidayati, M. N., & Istiani, N. (2024). Perlindungan Hukum atas Klausula Baku yang Merugikan Debitur pada Pinjaman Online Kredit Pintar. INNOVATIVE: Journal of Social Science Research, 4(3), 16473–16487. https://j-innovative.org/index.php/Innovative
Rawls, J. (1995). A Theory of Justice. Harvard University Press.
Rickard, D. (2020). Enhancements to Unfair Contract Term Protections: Consultation Regulation Impact Statement. https://treasury.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-11/c2019-5386_accc.pdf
Syahrin, M. A. (2020). Konsep Keabsahan Kontrak Elektronik Berdasarkan Hukum Nasional dan Uncitral Model Law on Electronic Commerce. Repertorium: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum Kenotariatan, 9(2), 105–122. https://doi.org/10.28946/rpt.v9i2.419
Valentina, D. D., & Suraji. (2024). Analisis Pencantuman Klausula Eksonerasi dalam Perjanjian E-Commerce Menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen. TERANG : Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Sosial, Politik Dan Hukum, 1(1), 361–369. https://doi.org/10.62383/terang.v1i1.148
Wachter, S., & Mittelstadt, B. (2019). A Right to Reasonable Inferences: Re-Thinking Data Protection Law in the Age of Big Data and AI. Columbia Business Law Review, 2, 494–620. https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/d8-mvax-p446/download
Wreen, C. (2026, January 3). The Algorithmic Age of Antitrust: Rethinking the Consumer Welfare Standard for Big Tech. Columbia Undergraduate Law Review. https://www.culawreview.org/journal/the-algorithmic-age-of-antitrust-rethinking-the-consumer-welfare-standard-for-big-tech
Wu, J. (2025, June 6). Navigating exemption clauses in technology contracts. Pinsent Masons. https://www.pinsentmasons.com/out-law/analysis/navigating-exemption-clauses-in-technology-contracts
Yuwafi, R., Nachrawi, G., & Miharja, M. (2022). Klausula Eksonerasi dari Perspektif Asas Kebebasan Berkontrak dan Asas Keadilan Studi Kasus Putusan Kasasi Nomor 8/K/PDT/2013. Jurnal Hukum Pelita, 3(1), 78–101. https://jurnal.pelitabangsa.ac.id/index.php/JH